Neuroanatomy Final Review Notes by Russ Beach
... 11. Inferior brachium: axons from the inf. colliculus 12. Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus 13. Auditory radiations: axons from MGN 14. Transverse temporal gyrus (areas 41, 42 in temporal lobe) -Unilateral damage to the peripheral portion results in a significant ipsilateral hearing loss 1. Cond ...
... 11. Inferior brachium: axons from the inf. colliculus 12. Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus 13. Auditory radiations: axons from MGN 14. Transverse temporal gyrus (areas 41, 42 in temporal lobe) -Unilateral damage to the peripheral portion results in a significant ipsilateral hearing loss 1. Cond ...
General Cortical and Special Prefrontal Connections: Principles
... investigators will be able to use several discriminant features of cortical type to assess with greater accuracy the degree of structural similarity/dissimilarity among areas. Distant cortices can be similar in type based on the systematic structural variation within each cortical system. Thus, area ...
... investigators will be able to use several discriminant features of cortical type to assess with greater accuracy the degree of structural similarity/dissimilarity among areas. Distant cortices can be similar in type based on the systematic structural variation within each cortical system. Thus, area ...
cerebral cortex, sensations and movements
... realize certain nerve background connections necessary to achieve movement in space. To achieve such movements in space, these areas need to compare a variety of nerve impulses in sensory systems, in order to create a space map, and at the same time, to calculate a trajectory through which the upper ...
... realize certain nerve background connections necessary to achieve movement in space. To achieve such movements in space, these areas need to compare a variety of nerve impulses in sensory systems, in order to create a space map, and at the same time, to calculate a trajectory through which the upper ...
Feedforward, horizontal, and feedback processing
... distinguish between feedforward and feedback connections in the visual cortex, and thus arrive at a hierarchical organization of areas [7]. V1 is at the bottom of such a hierarchy, receiving its main feedforward input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). From V1, several partially segregated p ...
... distinguish between feedforward and feedback connections in the visual cortex, and thus arrive at a hierarchical organization of areas [7]. V1 is at the bottom of such a hierarchy, receiving its main feedforward input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). From V1, several partially segregated p ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... 1969) have shown that the taste of glutamate [as its sodium salt monosodium glutamate (MSG)] cannot be reduced to any of the other four basic tastes. Specific receptors for glutamate in lingual tissue with taste buds have been also recently found (Chaudhari et al. 2000). Umami taste is found in a di ...
... 1969) have shown that the taste of glutamate [as its sodium salt monosodium glutamate (MSG)] cannot be reduced to any of the other four basic tastes. Specific receptors for glutamate in lingual tissue with taste buds have been also recently found (Chaudhari et al. 2000). Umami taste is found in a di ...
FINAL-FTDMulticenterStudy_R - ORBi
... Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is one of the major causes of early-onset degenerative dementia. Clinical manifestations are classically characterized by the very evident alteration of personal and social judgment. However, FTD is a heterogeneous pathology, from both a clinical and a neuropathological ...
... Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is one of the major causes of early-onset degenerative dementia. Clinical manifestations are classically characterized by the very evident alteration of personal and social judgment. However, FTD is a heterogeneous pathology, from both a clinical and a neuropathological ...
Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala
... states? One influential schema for characterizing emotion posits that emotions can vary along two axes: valence (pleasant versus unpleasant or positive versus negative) and intensity (or arousal) (Lang et al. 1990, Russell 1980). These two variables can simply be conceived as components of the curren ...
... states? One influential schema for characterizing emotion posits that emotions can vary along two axes: valence (pleasant versus unpleasant or positive versus negative) and intensity (or arousal) (Lang et al. 1990, Russell 1980). These two variables can simply be conceived as components of the curren ...
50 Emotional States and Feelings
... knees, and sweaty palms. James wrote: “We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble and not that we cry, strike or tremble because we are sorry, angry or fearful as the case may be.” According to this view, emotions are cognitive responses to information from the ...
... knees, and sweaty palms. James wrote: “We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble and not that we cry, strike or tremble because we are sorry, angry or fearful as the case may be.” According to this view, emotions are cognitive responses to information from the ...
emotional learning: a computational model of the amygdala
... ¢ndings from neurophysiology can be used to give new insights into the emotional process in a two-process model. Our aim is to show how data from learning theory combined with neurophysiological ¢ndings can be used to construct a computational model of emotional processing. However, the model we pre ...
... ¢ndings from neurophysiology can be used to give new insights into the emotional process in a two-process model. Our aim is to show how data from learning theory combined with neurophysiological ¢ndings can be used to construct a computational model of emotional processing. However, the model we pre ...
Economic Games Quantify Diminished Sense of Guilt in Patients
... brain (BDC; with damage in diverse cortical regions but excluding the VMPFC) were recruited from the Cognitive Neuroscience Patient Registry at the University of Iowa from a larger sample (in particular, for anatomical specificity, we excluded several potential VMPFC patients because their lesions w ...
... brain (BDC; with damage in diverse cortical regions but excluding the VMPFC) were recruited from the Cognitive Neuroscience Patient Registry at the University of Iowa from a larger sample (in particular, for anatomical specificity, we excluded several potential VMPFC patients because their lesions w ...
1 1 THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Parcellation of the cerebral cortex
... temporal lobe is expansive and is divisible into several regions by sulci that course in an anteroposterior direction. The superior temporal sulcus is a prominent feature, and parallels the lateral fissure for much of its course. The superior temporal gyrus lies between this sulcus and the lateral f ...
... temporal lobe is expansive and is divisible into several regions by sulci that course in an anteroposterior direction. The superior temporal sulcus is a prominent feature, and parallels the lateral fissure for much of its course. The superior temporal gyrus lies between this sulcus and the lateral f ...
cortex
... temporal lobe is expansive and is divisible into several regions by sulci that course in an antero-posterior direction. The superior temporal sulcus is a prominent feature, and parallels the lateral fissure for much of its course. The superior temporal gyrus lies between this sulcus and the lateral ...
... temporal lobe is expansive and is divisible into several regions by sulci that course in an antero-posterior direction. The superior temporal sulcus is a prominent feature, and parallels the lateral fissure for much of its course. The superior temporal gyrus lies between this sulcus and the lateral ...
Frontal lobe and cognitive development
... regions (for detailed review of frontal connections, see Fuster, 1997b). The precise functional role of the connections of the prefrontal cortex is not entirely known, but can be inferred from the functional role of the structures with which it is connected. In general terms, the prefrontal-limbic c ...
... regions (for detailed review of frontal connections, see Fuster, 1997b). The precise functional role of the connections of the prefrontal cortex is not entirely known, but can be inferred from the functional role of the structures with which it is connected. In general terms, the prefrontal-limbic c ...
PDF
... either building or searching through a model. RL provides a number of methods for doing this, in which learning is based on momentary inconsistencies between successive estimates of these values along sample trajectories. These values, sometimes called cached values because of the way they store exp ...
... either building or searching through a model. RL provides a number of methods for doing this, in which learning is based on momentary inconsistencies between successive estimates of these values along sample trajectories. These values, sometimes called cached values because of the way they store exp ...
Self-Organization and Functional Role of Lateral Connections and
... frequency selectivity. In this so-called Miller's model [18], OR preference and spatial frequency selectivity develop together, and perhaps because of the interactions between these two domains, does not produce a clear columnar organization of spatial frequency selectivity. Although the above model ...
... frequency selectivity. In this so-called Miller's model [18], OR preference and spatial frequency selectivity develop together, and perhaps because of the interactions between these two domains, does not produce a clear columnar organization of spatial frequency selectivity. Although the above model ...
The Brain - Personal
... • Surrounds the primary visual cortex • Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement) • Complex processing involves entire posterior half of the hemispheres ...
... • Surrounds the primary visual cortex • Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement) • Complex processing involves entire posterior half of the hemispheres ...
What Are Emotional States, and Why Do We
... Selecting between available rewards with their associated costs, and avoiding punishers with their associated costs, is a process that can take place both implicitly (unconsciously) and explicitly using a language system to enable long-term plans to be made (Rolls, 2005b, 2008b). These many diffe ...
... Selecting between available rewards with their associated costs, and avoiding punishers with their associated costs, is a process that can take place both implicitly (unconsciously) and explicitly using a language system to enable long-term plans to be made (Rolls, 2005b, 2008b). These many diffe ...
2-2
... • The behavior of an organism is subject to a continuous circular flow of information between itself and its environment • Environmental stimuli are received and processed by sensory structures; as a result of sensory processing, actions are generated that cause certain changes in the environment, w ...
... • The behavior of an organism is subject to a continuous circular flow of information between itself and its environment • Environmental stimuli are received and processed by sensory structures; as a result of sensory processing, actions are generated that cause certain changes in the environment, w ...
Evolutionary roots offreedom
... edge and memory. Naturally, they deal as well with the neural transactions between the organism and the environment that depend on those functions. In the human brain, there are two separate cortical regions with areas of association. One is in the posterior part of the brain, extending over large p ...
... edge and memory. Naturally, they deal as well with the neural transactions between the organism and the environment that depend on those functions. In the human brain, there are two separate cortical regions with areas of association. One is in the posterior part of the brain, extending over large p ...
Auditory Cortex (1)
... the cerebral cortex of the cat. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 71: 315-344, 1942. 2. Evans EF, Ross HF and Whitfield IC. The spatial distribution of unit characteristic frequency in the primary auditory cortex of the cat. J Physiol 179: 238-247., 1965. 3. Goldstein MH, Abeles M, Daly RL and ...
... the cerebral cortex of the cat. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 71: 315-344, 1942. 2. Evans EF, Ross HF and Whitfield IC. The spatial distribution of unit characteristic frequency in the primary auditory cortex of the cat. J Physiol 179: 238-247., 1965. 3. Goldstein MH, Abeles M, Daly RL and ...
cortex
... temporal lobe is expansive and is divisible into several regions by sulci that course in an antero-posterior direction. The superior temporal sulcus is a prominent feature, and parallels the lateral fissure for much of its course. The superior temporal gyrus lies between this sulcus and the lateral ...
... temporal lobe is expansive and is divisible into several regions by sulci that course in an antero-posterior direction. The superior temporal sulcus is a prominent feature, and parallels the lateral fissure for much of its course. The superior temporal gyrus lies between this sulcus and the lateral ...
ch_12_lecture_outline_a
... • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas • Send outputs to multiple areas, including the premotor cortex • Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to ...
... • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas • Send outputs to multiple areas, including the premotor cortex • Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to ...
reward and reinforcement i
... the more ventral regions (which includes the nucleus accumbens) seem more aligned with reward and motivational functions. What is the evidence for this notion? As noted earlier, electrical stimulation of certain brain sites (e.g., the hypothalamus) is positively rewarding, as demonstrated by the obs ...
... the more ventral regions (which includes the nucleus accumbens) seem more aligned with reward and motivational functions. What is the evidence for this notion? As noted earlier, electrical stimulation of certain brain sites (e.g., the hypothalamus) is positively rewarding, as demonstrated by the obs ...
Supplementary Materials ANTICIPATION PHASE Neutral vs. gain
... To investigate areas of decreased activity during reward anticipation, we also examined the reverse contrast (neutral cues contrasted with gain cues). This yielded predictable activations in areas related to the default mode network (DMN) [40], including bilateral middle frontal gyrus, superior fron ...
... To investigate areas of decreased activity during reward anticipation, we also examined the reverse contrast (neutral cues contrasted with gain cues). This yielded predictable activations in areas related to the default mode network (DMN) [40], including bilateral middle frontal gyrus, superior fron ...
Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition,
... from the amygdala, associated with emotional memory, and from medial temporal and thalamic structures associated with long-term memory. Prefrontal cortices are linked with motor control structures related to their specific roles in central executive functions. Caudal lateral prefrontal areas project ...
... from the amygdala, associated with emotional memory, and from medial temporal and thalamic structures associated with long-term memory. Prefrontal cortices are linked with motor control structures related to their specific roles in central executive functions. Caudal lateral prefrontal areas project ...
Orbitofrontal cortex
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making. In non-human primates it consists of the association cortex areas Brodmann area 11, 12 and 13; in humans it consists of Brodmann area 10, 11 and 47The OFC is considered anatomically synonymous with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Therefore the region is distinguished due to the distinct neural connections and the distinct functions it performs. It is defined as the part of the prefrontal cortex that receives projections from the magnocellular, medial nucleus of the mediodorsal thalamus, and is thought to represent emotion and reward in decision making. It gets its name from its position immediately above the orbits in which the eyes are located. Considerable individual variability has been found in the OFC of both humans and non-human primates. A related area is found in rodents.