Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward
... bilaterally and paracentrally and small focal activations in both the left mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and right cerebellum. Since none of these regions overlapped with the main effect of preference, they were maximally activated by unpredictable stimuli, irrespective of preference. For the ...
... bilaterally and paracentrally and small focal activations in both the left mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and right cerebellum. Since none of these regions overlapped with the main effect of preference, they were maximally activated by unpredictable stimuli, irrespective of preference. For the ...
Earl Miller - The Sackler Institutes
... 2. Neural representations of categories and concepts are stronger and more explicit in the PFC than in cortical areas that provide the PFC with visual input (“cats and dogs”, numbers). Highly familiar rules may be more strongly encoded in the PMC than PFC. 3. This ability of the PFC and related area ...
... 2. Neural representations of categories and concepts are stronger and more explicit in the PFC than in cortical areas that provide the PFC with visual input (“cats and dogs”, numbers). Highly familiar rules may be more strongly encoded in the PMC than PFC. 3. This ability of the PFC and related area ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... Given that these various strategies seem to be present in a range of organisms, why do they exist simultaneously? In other words, why are human behaviors often driven by a habitual stimulus-response system, when we have the machinery for more flexible goal-directed actions instead? One explanation c ...
... Given that these various strategies seem to be present in a range of organisms, why do they exist simultaneously? In other words, why are human behaviors often driven by a habitual stimulus-response system, when we have the machinery for more flexible goal-directed actions instead? One explanation c ...
Executive function
... interconnections between the PFC and subcortical structures, such as the basal ganglia. The PFC is thus well placed to integrate diverse, high-level representations, and to exert control over various brain systems. It is now commonly accepted that patterns of activity within PFC represent current be ...
... interconnections between the PFC and subcortical structures, such as the basal ganglia. The PFC is thus well placed to integrate diverse, high-level representations, and to exert control over various brain systems. It is now commonly accepted that patterns of activity within PFC represent current be ...
Jennifer S. Lund
... compensation when vision was switched between the eyes to the side of the brain lacking the training experience and to an arm that was run from the opposite hemisphere: They do. My thesis writing was a difficult task; J. Z. Young was my official supervisor and he was scathing in regard to my ability ...
... compensation when vision was switched between the eyes to the side of the brain lacking the training experience and to an arm that was run from the opposite hemisphere: They do. My thesis writing was a difficult task; J. Z. Young was my official supervisor and he was scathing in regard to my ability ...
Calculating Consequences - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... mOFC ( p ⬍ 0.05, SVC) (Fig. 3B), and the dorsomedial striatum (specifically anterior medial caudate nucleus; p ⬍ 0.001 uncorrected) (Fig. 3C) (see supplemental Table 2, available at www. jneurosci.org as supplemental material). We then looked at a finer 200 ms time scale to see how neural activity i ...
... mOFC ( p ⬍ 0.05, SVC) (Fig. 3B), and the dorsomedial striatum (specifically anterior medial caudate nucleus; p ⬍ 0.001 uncorrected) (Fig. 3C) (see supplemental Table 2, available at www. jneurosci.org as supplemental material). We then looked at a finer 200 ms time scale to see how neural activity i ...
Brain activity during non-automatic motor production of discrete multi
... constant frequency during this interval, while buildup cells either increase or decrease firing [21]. In our experiment, the periods between the visual instruction and response were B3 s longer during TIME than during PRESSURE, hence set related and buildup neurones were probably active for longer p ...
... constant frequency during this interval, while buildup cells either increase or decrease firing [21]. In our experiment, the periods between the visual instruction and response were B3 s longer during TIME than during PRESSURE, hence set related and buildup neurones were probably active for longer p ...
PROJECTIONS OF THE AMYGDALOID BODY TO THE INSULAR
... The claustrum prepiriforme -- endopiriform nucleus - is basically not a part of the amygddoid body. Its connectioizs with the insular cortex are mentioned here only owing to close topo;graphical relations with nuclei of the amygdala. Connections of the clanstrum prepiriforme in the cat were describ ...
... The claustrum prepiriforme -- endopiriform nucleus - is basically not a part of the amygddoid body. Its connectioizs with the insular cortex are mentioned here only owing to close topo;graphical relations with nuclei of the amygdala. Connections of the clanstrum prepiriforme in the cat were describ ...
The Neuromodulatory Basis of Emotion
... suggested more specifically that the activation by the catecholamine systems of the hypothalamus play a major role in the association of drives and reward (20). The "drive reduction theory of reward," indeed, presents norepinephrine (from the pons and medulla) as a neuroactive substance released whe ...
... suggested more specifically that the activation by the catecholamine systems of the hypothalamus play a major role in the association of drives and reward (20). The "drive reduction theory of reward," indeed, presents norepinephrine (from the pons and medulla) as a neuroactive substance released whe ...
CaseStudyBrain2016
... Directions: Based on the information provided indicate as much as you can about the location of the brain damage experienced by each of the following individuals (Note answers may vary but be sure to explain your proposals). All of the following case studies are based on real patients. Case Study #1 ...
... Directions: Based on the information provided indicate as much as you can about the location of the brain damage experienced by each of the following individuals (Note answers may vary but be sure to explain your proposals). All of the following case studies are based on real patients. Case Study #1 ...
Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward
... an individual’s subjective perception of what they like and what they choose to report. To overcome these experimental difficulties, one would like to monitor concurrently behavioral output, subjective preference, and brain response during a well defined task. Taking such an approach, we report here ...
... an individual’s subjective perception of what they like and what they choose to report. To overcome these experimental difficulties, one would like to monitor concurrently behavioral output, subjective preference, and brain response during a well defined task. Taking such an approach, we report here ...
CNS (Ch12)
... • Networks of neurons that work together and span wide areas of the brain – Limbic system – Reticular formation ...
... • Networks of neurons that work together and span wide areas of the brain – Limbic system – Reticular formation ...
What can cognitive psychology and sensory evaluation learn from
... system seems to induce inhibition of the smell system (possibly to protect it from the effects of over stimulation). Even though the trigeminal system functions as a detector of harmful substances, human beings seem quite willing to indulge in its (excessive) stimulation as illustrated by our ‘‘inord ...
... system seems to induce inhibition of the smell system (possibly to protect it from the effects of over stimulation). Even though the trigeminal system functions as a detector of harmful substances, human beings seem quite willing to indulge in its (excessive) stimulation as illustrated by our ‘‘inord ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... pleasantness vs. unpleasantness. A recent functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging (fMRI) study (Anderson et al., 2003) found that activation of the amygdala was associated with intensity and of the orbitofrontal cortex with the valence of two odours, but only two different odours (citral and vale ...
... pleasantness vs. unpleasantness. A recent functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging (fMRI) study (Anderson et al., 2003) found that activation of the amygdala was associated with intensity and of the orbitofrontal cortex with the valence of two odours, but only two different odours (citral and vale ...
Compared to other cortical areas, muscle contraction is most easily
... long-term effects are less pronounced than often assumed. Careful testing is required to discern long-term motor deficits and, although much emphasis has been placed on species differences, comparable deficits follow pyramidal-tract transections in macaque monkeys, marsupial phalangers, rats, and ha ...
... long-term effects are less pronounced than often assumed. Careful testing is required to discern long-term motor deficits and, although much emphasis has been placed on species differences, comparable deficits follow pyramidal-tract transections in macaque monkeys, marsupial phalangers, rats, and ha ...
Affective neuroscience: the emergence of a discipline
... Fig. 1. Neural circuits of fear conditioning. The neural pathways by which a sensory conditioned stimulus elicits emotional responses involve the relay of sensory inputs to the thalamus. Whereas the lemniscal nuclei (LEM) transmit only to the primary sensory cortex, the extralemniscal areas (EX) tra ...
... Fig. 1. Neural circuits of fear conditioning. The neural pathways by which a sensory conditioned stimulus elicits emotional responses involve the relay of sensory inputs to the thalamus. Whereas the lemniscal nuclei (LEM) transmit only to the primary sensory cortex, the extralemniscal areas (EX) tra ...
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Obsessive
... The severity of hoarding was found to be negatively correlated with the activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and posterior cingulate gyrus. ...
... The severity of hoarding was found to be negatively correlated with the activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and posterior cingulate gyrus. ...
An Intracranial EEG Study of the Neural Dynamics of Musical
... the amygdala in the medial temporal lobe and the orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe. Another aim of the current study was to elucidate the nature of the interaction between the amygdala and sensory cortices during the processing of emotional stimuli. Previous studies in the auditory domain hav ...
... the amygdala in the medial temporal lobe and the orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe. Another aim of the current study was to elucidate the nature of the interaction between the amygdala and sensory cortices during the processing of emotional stimuli. Previous studies in the auditory domain hav ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... The posterior orbitofrontal cortex, anterior temporal sensory association areas and the amygdala have a key role in emotional processing and are robustly interconnected. By analogy with the pattern of connections in early processing sensory areas, anterior temporal sensory and polymodal association ...
... The posterior orbitofrontal cortex, anterior temporal sensory association areas and the amygdala have a key role in emotional processing and are robustly interconnected. By analogy with the pattern of connections in early processing sensory areas, anterior temporal sensory and polymodal association ...
The Functional Organization of the Barrel Cortex
... • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gLKtw8gDZU ...
... • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gLKtw8gDZU ...
Dispatch Vision: How to Train Visual Cortex to Predict Reward Time
... ‘cognitive’ brain function that is relayed from other, higher cortical areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, via top-down feedback connections? Alternatively, cue-reward intervals may be generated within V1 circuitry, so that their timing needs to be learned with the help of an external reinforcemen ...
... ‘cognitive’ brain function that is relayed from other, higher cortical areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, via top-down feedback connections? Alternatively, cue-reward intervals may be generated within V1 circuitry, so that their timing needs to be learned with the help of an external reinforcemen ...
Prefrontal abilities
... regions are two areas of heteromodal association cortex. It is here that unimodal percepts are associated with information from other sensory modalities and from prior experiences (memories). Most simple cross-modal associations occur in the inferior parietal cortex. However, many, probably most, hi ...
... regions are two areas of heteromodal association cortex. It is here that unimodal percepts are associated with information from other sensory modalities and from prior experiences (memories). Most simple cross-modal associations occur in the inferior parietal cortex. However, many, probably most, hi ...
The limbic system. A maze on the essentials: memory, learning and
... In 1878, Paul Broca described, for the first time, a ring-shaped area that connected the midbrain with each cerebral hemisphere. He named it "Limbic Lobe" (from the Latin "limbus", "limit", "border") and related it with the olfactory functions. (Figure 1) In 1937, James Papez proposed that the limbi ...
... In 1878, Paul Broca described, for the first time, a ring-shaped area that connected the midbrain with each cerebral hemisphere. He named it "Limbic Lobe" (from the Latin "limbus", "limit", "border") and related it with the olfactory functions. (Figure 1) In 1937, James Papez proposed that the limbi ...
Computational Psychiatry Seminar: Spring 2014 Week 11: The
... respond to gains and losses. Neurons in the lateral habenula respond to no-reward predictive cues as well as reward omission, in exactly the opposite way as dopamine neurons, and that stimulation of the lateral habenula causes inhibition of dopamine neurons. The result highlights the lateral habenul ...
... respond to gains and losses. Neurons in the lateral habenula respond to no-reward predictive cues as well as reward omission, in exactly the opposite way as dopamine neurons, and that stimulation of the lateral habenula causes inhibition of dopamine neurons. The result highlights the lateral habenul ...
Orbitofrontal cortex
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making. In non-human primates it consists of the association cortex areas Brodmann area 11, 12 and 13; in humans it consists of Brodmann area 10, 11 and 47The OFC is considered anatomically synonymous with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Therefore the region is distinguished due to the distinct neural connections and the distinct functions it performs. It is defined as the part of the prefrontal cortex that receives projections from the magnocellular, medial nucleus of the mediodorsal thalamus, and is thought to represent emotion and reward in decision making. It gets its name from its position immediately above the orbits in which the eyes are located. Considerable individual variability has been found in the OFC of both humans and non-human primates. A related area is found in rodents.