Chapter 6
... The hedgehog and the snail Protostome animals, such as insects, snails and worms, seem to be organized up-side down when compared to deuterostomes, such as vertebrates. If this is true, then their respective ventrally (belly-side) and dorsally (back-side) located nervous system are homologous (inher ...
... The hedgehog and the snail Protostome animals, such as insects, snails and worms, seem to be organized up-side down when compared to deuterostomes, such as vertebrates. If this is true, then their respective ventrally (belly-side) and dorsally (back-side) located nervous system are homologous (inher ...
protein research
... Molecular chaperones are extensively-studied proteins involved in the in vivo protein folding process. E. coli BL21 is an E. coli strain derived from E. coli B which possesses defects in the lon and ompT Outer membrane proteases. E. coli BL21 is commonly used for recombinant protein expression becau ...
... Molecular chaperones are extensively-studied proteins involved in the in vivo protein folding process. E. coli BL21 is an E. coli strain derived from E. coli B which possesses defects in the lon and ompT Outer membrane proteases. E. coli BL21 is commonly used for recombinant protein expression becau ...
Physcomitrella patens - Epsilon Open Archive
... all life on the planet is dependent on this process for their survival. Green plants also provide most of the world’s molecular oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Also important to the survival of different organisms, be they small single celled organisms like the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisia ...
... all life on the planet is dependent on this process for their survival. Green plants also provide most of the world’s molecular oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Also important to the survival of different organisms, be they small single celled organisms like the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisia ...
IV RNA Synthesis: Transcription
... PCR is also used routinely in comparative or phylogenetic studies to amplify genes from various sources. In these cases the primers are made for regions of the gene that are conserved in sequence across a wide variety of organisms. Because 16S rRNA, a molecule used for phylogenetic analyses, has bot ...
... PCR is also used routinely in comparative or phylogenetic studies to amplify genes from various sources. In these cases the primers are made for regions of the gene that are conserved in sequence across a wide variety of organisms. Because 16S rRNA, a molecule used for phylogenetic analyses, has bot ...
Network Regulation of the Escherichia coli Maltose System
... glucose-1-phosphate (Decker et al., 1993). Thus, gluconeogenesis had to play a role in the endogenous induction of the maltose system. 2. It had been noticed early on that some mutants defective in maltose transport showed elevated expression of malQ and malP genes (Hofnung et al., 1974). Later on, ...
... glucose-1-phosphate (Decker et al., 1993). Thus, gluconeogenesis had to play a role in the endogenous induction of the maltose system. 2. It had been noticed early on that some mutants defective in maltose transport showed elevated expression of malQ and malP genes (Hofnung et al., 1974). Later on, ...
The energy-less red blood cell is lost – erythrocyte
... Glucose 6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) catalyzes the interconversion of G6P into fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) in the second step of the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (Figure 1). As a result of this reversible reaction, products of the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt can be recycled to G6P. Unlike HK and other age-r ...
... Glucose 6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) catalyzes the interconversion of G6P into fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) in the second step of the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (Figure 1). As a result of this reversible reaction, products of the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt can be recycled to G6P. Unlike HK and other age-r ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... constitutes the low-Mr part of antigen group III (R. A. de Maagd, I. H. M. Mulders, H. C. J. Canter Cremers, and B. J. J. Lugtenberg, J. Bacteriol. 174:214–221, 1992). We observed that genes homologous to ropA are present in strain 248 as well as in other R. leguminosarum strains, and we describe th ...
... constitutes the low-Mr part of antigen group III (R. A. de Maagd, I. H. M. Mulders, H. C. J. Canter Cremers, and B. J. J. Lugtenberg, J. Bacteriol. 174:214–221, 1992). We observed that genes homologous to ropA are present in strain 248 as well as in other R. leguminosarum strains, and we describe th ...
Document
... atmosphere is 78% N2, so why is this enzyme so important? The incredibly strong (triple) bond in N2 makes this reaction very difficult to carry out efficiently. In fact, nitrogenase consumes ~16 moles of ATP for every molecule of N2 it reduces to NH3, which makes it one of the most energy-expensive ...
... atmosphere is 78% N2, so why is this enzyme so important? The incredibly strong (triple) bond in N2 makes this reaction very difficult to carry out efficiently. In fact, nitrogenase consumes ~16 moles of ATP for every molecule of N2 it reduces to NH3, which makes it one of the most energy-expensive ...
Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and
... estimates that are more robust, we have analysed a larger number of genes for divergences among three well-represented animal phyla, and among plants, animals and fungi. The time estimate for the chordate ^ arthropod divergence, using 50 genes, is 993 46 Ma. Nematodes were found to have diverged fr ...
... estimates that are more robust, we have analysed a larger number of genes for divergences among three well-represented animal phyla, and among plants, animals and fungi. The time estimate for the chordate ^ arthropod divergence, using 50 genes, is 993 46 Ma. Nematodes were found to have diverged fr ...
Gene Section TYR (tyrosinase (oculocutaneous albinism IA)) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... of skin cancer related deaths with a very high probability of metastasis. This neoplasm is greatly resistant to most conventional therapies. Due to the longevity of melanocytes, these cells are considered to have a greater mutagenic burden. This burden is also greater due to the position of melanocy ...
... of skin cancer related deaths with a very high probability of metastasis. This neoplasm is greatly resistant to most conventional therapies. Due to the longevity of melanocytes, these cells are considered to have a greater mutagenic burden. This burden is also greater due to the position of melanocy ...
Document
... Biological Setup Every cell in the human body contains the entire human genome: 3.3 Gb or ~30K genes. The investigation of gene expression is meaningful because different cells, in different environments, doing different jobs express different genes. Tasks necessary for gene expression analysis: Def ...
... Biological Setup Every cell in the human body contains the entire human genome: 3.3 Gb or ~30K genes. The investigation of gene expression is meaningful because different cells, in different environments, doing different jobs express different genes. Tasks necessary for gene expression analysis: Def ...
Wheat Germ Cell-‐Free Protein Expression
... Two linked reactions offer optimal reaction conditions for both, RNA expression and protein translation. Note, many proteins are better expressed at temperatures below the optimal 37°C used in ...
... Two linked reactions offer optimal reaction conditions for both, RNA expression and protein translation. Note, many proteins are better expressed at temperatures below the optimal 37°C used in ...
Understanding oxidative stress and antioxidant functions in order to
... involving photosynthetic ROS generation, the signaling function of these powerful metabolites is largely ignored and interpretations are all too frequently based solely on the notion that ROS exert their principal effects through chemical toxicity and their abilities to cause damage. Within this co ...
... involving photosynthetic ROS generation, the signaling function of these powerful metabolites is largely ignored and interpretations are all too frequently based solely on the notion that ROS exert their principal effects through chemical toxicity and their abilities to cause damage. Within this co ...
GmPep914, an Eight-Amino Acid Peptide Isolated
... to initiate a defense signaling cascade, leading to the production of defense compounds (Ryan et al., 2002). All of the above peptide signals were purified from crude plant leaf extracts based on their ability to interact with suspension cells, thereby causing a rapid increase in the extracellular p ...
... to initiate a defense signaling cascade, leading to the production of defense compounds (Ryan et al., 2002). All of the above peptide signals were purified from crude plant leaf extracts based on their ability to interact with suspension cells, thereby causing a rapid increase in the extracellular p ...
Spatial restriction of AChR gene expression to
... 24 nucleotides are not likely to be critical for localizing delta subunit and hGH mRNAs to synaptic sites. Thus, our data indicate that myofiber nuclei that are positioned close to the synaptic site transcribe the endogenous delta subunit gene at a higher rate than nuclei elsewhere in the myofiber. ...
... 24 nucleotides are not likely to be critical for localizing delta subunit and hGH mRNAs to synaptic sites. Thus, our data indicate that myofiber nuclei that are positioned close to the synaptic site transcribe the endogenous delta subunit gene at a higher rate than nuclei elsewhere in the myofiber. ...
LIN-28 co-transcriptionally binds primary let
... Priscilla M Van Wynsberghe, Zoya S Kai, Katlin B Massirer, Victoria H Burton, Gene W Yeo & Amy E Pasquinelli Nature structural & molecular biology, VOLUME 18, 302-308, MARCH 2011 ...
... Priscilla M Van Wynsberghe, Zoya S Kai, Katlin B Massirer, Victoria H Burton, Gene W Yeo & Amy E Pasquinelli Nature structural & molecular biology, VOLUME 18, 302-308, MARCH 2011 ...
Regulation of Elovl and fatty acid metabolism
... substrates for lipogenesis (Figure 1). The structure of the fatty acid molecule is essential for its function. The basic structure is comprised of a carboxylic acid head and a long saturated or unsaturated aliphatic tail, which can be of varying length. The synthesis of fatty acids involves acetyl-C ...
... substrates for lipogenesis (Figure 1). The structure of the fatty acid molecule is essential for its function. The basic structure is comprised of a carboxylic acid head and a long saturated or unsaturated aliphatic tail, which can be of varying length. The synthesis of fatty acids involves acetyl-C ...
Journal of Biotechnology
... aminotransferase. In contrast to the biosynthesis of surfactin the ultimate steps in the synthesis of the -amino fatty acid residue as well as its transfer and coupling with the starter amino acid laspartate are directly managed by BmyA. The amino acid-activating module for the starter amino acid l ...
... aminotransferase. In contrast to the biosynthesis of surfactin the ultimate steps in the synthesis of the -amino fatty acid residue as well as its transfer and coupling with the starter amino acid laspartate are directly managed by BmyA. The amino acid-activating module for the starter amino acid l ...
Sulfur Metabolism in Escherichia coli and Related Bacteria: Facts
... between the end and the start of the reaction. ΔE ' is the redox potential difference (that can for example generate a protonmotive force) of a biochemical reaction in standard conditions: 298 K (25˚C), pH 7.0 and where the concentration of each reagent is 1 mol/liter except for water (normal concen ...
... between the end and the start of the reaction. ΔE ' is the redox potential difference (that can for example generate a protonmotive force) of a biochemical reaction in standard conditions: 298 K (25˚C), pH 7.0 and where the concentration of each reagent is 1 mol/liter except for water (normal concen ...
Divergent Amphibian Species Nonclassical MHC Class I Lineages
... reveals that in general, different orders or families of mammals have different numbers of genes or genetic loci. For example, the human class Ia loci A, B, and C are shared only by hominoid species (e.g., human, gorilla, and orangutan), but the New World monkeys (e.g., tamarin) and nonprimate mamma ...
... reveals that in general, different orders or families of mammals have different numbers of genes or genetic loci. For example, the human class Ia loci A, B, and C are shared only by hominoid species (e.g., human, gorilla, and orangutan), but the New World monkeys (e.g., tamarin) and nonprimate mamma ...
The protein acetylome and the regulation of metabolism - Serval
... Mak10 and Mak31. Homologs to all these subunits are present in plants, and complementation of yeast natc mutants with the homologous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes has been reported [20]. NatA mainly recognizes N-terminal single amino acids, such as Ser, Ala, Thr or Gly. NatB specifically ...
... Mak10 and Mak31. Homologs to all these subunits are present in plants, and complementation of yeast natc mutants with the homologous Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes has been reported [20]. NatA mainly recognizes N-terminal single amino acids, such as Ser, Ala, Thr or Gly. NatB specifically ...
Co-opting sulphur-carrier proteins from primary metabolic pathways
... Sulphur is an essential element for life and is ubiquitous in living systems1,2. Yet how the sulphur atom is incorporated into many sulphur-containing secondary metabolites is poorly understood. For bond formation between carbon and sulphur in primary metabolites, the major ionic sulphur sources are ...
... Sulphur is an essential element for life and is ubiquitous in living systems1,2. Yet how the sulphur atom is incorporated into many sulphur-containing secondary metabolites is poorly understood. For bond formation between carbon and sulphur in primary metabolites, the major ionic sulphur sources are ...
(EC 2.2.1.1) active in the Calvin cycle of spinach chloroplasts
... Comparatively little is known about the plant transketolase enzyme. Some previous studies indicated that higher plants in general might possess chloroplast and cytosolic TKL isoenzymes [21, 29], whereas others reported that most, if not all, TKL activity is localized to the chloroplast, at least in ...
... Comparatively little is known about the plant transketolase enzyme. Some previous studies indicated that higher plants in general might possess chloroplast and cytosolic TKL isoenzymes [21, 29], whereas others reported that most, if not all, TKL activity is localized to the chloroplast, at least in ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.