Expression of phosphofructokinase in Neisseria meningitidis
... phosphate pathway. The Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway is not functional, because the gene for phosphofructokinase (PFK) is not present. The phylogenetic distribution of PFK indicates that in most obligate aerobic organisms, PFK is lacking. We conclude that this is because of the limited contribution ...
... phosphate pathway. The Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway is not functional, because the gene for phosphofructokinase (PFK) is not present. The phylogenetic distribution of PFK indicates that in most obligate aerobic organisms, PFK is lacking. We conclude that this is because of the limited contribution ...
NPR1: the spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways
... Clearly, NPR1 plays an important role in the SAmediated activation of defense-related genes by enhancing the DNA binding of TGAs to SA-responsive elements in their promoters. But how does NPR1 transduce the SA signal? Previously, experiments with NPR1/NIM1 overexpressors demonstrated that high level ...
... Clearly, NPR1 plays an important role in the SAmediated activation of defense-related genes by enhancing the DNA binding of TGAs to SA-responsive elements in their promoters. But how does NPR1 transduce the SA signal? Previously, experiments with NPR1/NIM1 overexpressors demonstrated that high level ...
File
... Eukaryotic promoter sequences are more variable and often more complex than those of bacteria ...
... Eukaryotic promoter sequences are more variable and often more complex than those of bacteria ...
Identification of TIpC, a novel 62 kDa MCP
... Expression of TlpC. The 1.9 kb Tag1 fragment containing tlpC was modified by site-directed mutagenesis to create an additional TagI restriction site which was proximally located just upstream of the potential ribosome-binding site. The corresponding 1.7 kb TaqI fragment which was isolated from pDW37 ...
... Expression of TlpC. The 1.9 kb Tag1 fragment containing tlpC was modified by site-directed mutagenesis to create an additional TagI restriction site which was proximally located just upstream of the potential ribosome-binding site. The corresponding 1.7 kb TaqI fragment which was isolated from pDW37 ...
The energy-less red blood cell is lost
... modifications.82,83 In red blood cells, TPI activity is not maturation dependent. TPI deficiency (MIM 190450) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by hemolytic anemia at onset, often accompanied by neonatal hyperbilirubinemia requiring exchange transfusion. In addition, patients dis ...
... modifications.82,83 In red blood cells, TPI activity is not maturation dependent. TPI deficiency (MIM 190450) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by hemolytic anemia at onset, often accompanied by neonatal hyperbilirubinemia requiring exchange transfusion. In addition, patients dis ...
Full Paper Sample - 7th International Crop Science Congress
... genes Pi-ta and AVR-Pita are the first R/AVR gene pair characterized in the rice blast system. AVR-Pita is located in the telomeric region of chromosome three of M. oryzae, and was cloned from a Chinese isolate, O-137 [10]. AVR-Pita was renamed AVR-Pita1 following the discovery that it has several f ...
... genes Pi-ta and AVR-Pita are the first R/AVR gene pair characterized in the rice blast system. AVR-Pita is located in the telomeric region of chromosome three of M. oryzae, and was cloned from a Chinese isolate, O-137 [10]. AVR-Pita was renamed AVR-Pita1 following the discovery that it has several f ...
Characterization of Escherichia coZi adenylate cyclase mutants with
... Strains deficient in CAP overproduce cAMP but the molecular mechanism underlying the increase in cAMP is not known. We have shown that it requires enzymeIIIglucose. The increase of cAMP in crp strains was also shown to be dependent on the presence of enzyme1 and Hpr, the other components of the PTS. ...
... Strains deficient in CAP overproduce cAMP but the molecular mechanism underlying the increase in cAMP is not known. We have shown that it requires enzymeIIIglucose. The increase of cAMP in crp strains was also shown to be dependent on the presence of enzyme1 and Hpr, the other components of the PTS. ...
GRASP-DNA: A Web Application to Screen Prokaryotic Genomes for
... To illustrate an application of GRASP-DNA we present a screen of the E. coli genome for potential binding sites of FruR, the fructose repressor. FruR is a global transcriptional regulatory protein involved in the control of carbon and energy metabolism (Saier and Ramseier, 1996). Eleven experimental ...
... To illustrate an application of GRASP-DNA we present a screen of the E. coli genome for potential binding sites of FruR, the fructose repressor. FruR is a global transcriptional regulatory protein involved in the control of carbon and energy metabolism (Saier and Ramseier, 1996). Eleven experimental ...
si RNA
... (Dicer) to produce short double-stranded siRNA molecules. Argonaute proteins are then required to bind siRNA molecules to form a complex known as RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex). RISCs may then promote epigentic silencing through RNA-directed DNA methylation or by target RNA cleavage. Though pr ...
... (Dicer) to produce short double-stranded siRNA molecules. Argonaute proteins are then required to bind siRNA molecules to form a complex known as RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex). RISCs may then promote epigentic silencing through RNA-directed DNA methylation or by target RNA cleavage. Though pr ...
Biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids is
... differentiate into bacteroids (Chen et al., 2003). The C4dicarboxylate intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, succinate, fumarate and malate, have generally been accepted as the principal carbon and energy sources supplied by the plant to bacteroids (Stowers, 1985). It is within the symbioso ...
... differentiate into bacteroids (Chen et al., 2003). The C4dicarboxylate intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, succinate, fumarate and malate, have generally been accepted as the principal carbon and energy sources supplied by the plant to bacteroids (Stowers, 1985). It is within the symbioso ...
Pol Is a Candidate for the Mouse Pulmonary
... mice. As shown in Fig. 2A, we have identified 10 amino acid-changing polymorphisms and two alternatively spliced exons in Pol between A/J and BALB/cJ mice. Among them, 9 amino acid polymorphisms and 1 alternative splicing variant were consistent with those reported previously (13). The newly obser ...
... mice. As shown in Fig. 2A, we have identified 10 amino acid-changing polymorphisms and two alternatively spliced exons in Pol between A/J and BALB/cJ mice. Among them, 9 amino acid polymorphisms and 1 alternative splicing variant were consistent with those reported previously (13). The newly obser ...
ATP citrate lyase – biology and implication in human
... and cholesterol. Since its discovery half a century ago, many of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of ACLY activity have remained unclear. Various attempts to biochemically characterize the enzyme gave highly heterogeneous results. The development of expression systems for the recombinant hu ...
... and cholesterol. Since its discovery half a century ago, many of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of ACLY activity have remained unclear. Various attempts to biochemically characterize the enzyme gave highly heterogeneous results. The development of expression systems for the recombinant hu ...
Supplementary Information - Word file (63 KB )
... counter stained with DAPI (blue), these sections were taken at the level similar to what is indicated by the white lines in Figure3e. In the most severe vegf knockdown embryos, there are fewer ECs (white arrows) in any given section compared to the control embryos. Furthermore, some ECs show signs o ...
... counter stained with DAPI (blue), these sections were taken at the level similar to what is indicated by the white lines in Figure3e. In the most severe vegf knockdown embryos, there are fewer ECs (white arrows) in any given section compared to the control embryos. Furthermore, some ECs show signs o ...
Expression and V (D) J recombination activity of mutated RAG
... immune system. Little is known of the specific role these genes play. We have explored the sequences encoding mouse RAG-1 by deleting large parts of the gene and by introducing local sequence changes. We find that a RAG-1 gene with 40% of the coding region deleted still retains its recombination fun ...
... immune system. Little is known of the specific role these genes play. We have explored the sequences encoding mouse RAG-1 by deleting large parts of the gene and by introducing local sequence changes. We find that a RAG-1 gene with 40% of the coding region deleted still retains its recombination fun ...
Over-expression of a putative poplar glycosyltransferase gene
... secondary metabolite-glycosylating enzymes was the largest and most diverse gene family identified, and much larger in poplar than in Arabidopsis, perhaps due to additional specialized functions in processes such as wood formation, dormancy, and longevity. The functions of several individual poplar ...
... secondary metabolite-glycosylating enzymes was the largest and most diverse gene family identified, and much larger in poplar than in Arabidopsis, perhaps due to additional specialized functions in processes such as wood formation, dormancy, and longevity. The functions of several individual poplar ...
Strategies to maintain redox homeostasis during photosynthesis
... 1991; Schürmann and Jacquot, 2000). Electrons are transferred from ferredoxin to the thioredoxins which are present in the chloroplast in various isoforms. Finally, electrons are transferred to the target proteins (Dai et al., 2000; Marchand et al., 2004). Among the many targets identified and prop ...
... 1991; Schürmann and Jacquot, 2000). Electrons are transferred from ferredoxin to the thioredoxins which are present in the chloroplast in various isoforms. Finally, electrons are transferred to the target proteins (Dai et al., 2000; Marchand et al., 2004). Among the many targets identified and prop ...
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Purification Kit
... One of the basic tools of modern biotechnology is DNA splicing, cutting DNA and linking it to other DNA molecules. The basic concept behind DNA splicing is to remove a functional DNA fragment—let’s say a gene—from one organism and combine it with the DNA of another organism in order to make the prot ...
... One of the basic tools of modern biotechnology is DNA splicing, cutting DNA and linking it to other DNA molecules. The basic concept behind DNA splicing is to remove a functional DNA fragment—let’s say a gene—from one organism and combine it with the DNA of another organism in order to make the prot ...
Y11 Revision material
... Understand that enzymes have active sites that substrate molecules fit into when a reaction takes place Recognise that different cells and different organisms will produce different proteins Describe gene mutations as changes to genes ...
... Understand that enzymes have active sites that substrate molecules fit into when a reaction takes place Recognise that different cells and different organisms will produce different proteins Describe gene mutations as changes to genes ...
Press Release
... the proteins necessary for a cell to function – it is no longer required and is degraded. Scientists have long thought that the decay started after translation was complete and that decaying RNA molecules provided little biological information. Now a team from EMBL Heidelberg and Stanford University ...
... the proteins necessary for a cell to function – it is no longer required and is degraded. Scientists have long thought that the decay started after translation was complete and that decaying RNA molecules provided little biological information. Now a team from EMBL Heidelberg and Stanford University ...
Cellular Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance
... Poretsky LO, ed. New York, Springer,2009, p. 75-87. ...
... Poretsky LO, ed. New York, Springer,2009, p. 75-87. ...
Ho - Engineering Computing Facility
... Due to the large number of manipulations necessary to arrive at the final tag sequencing stage, there are many ways in which sequence errors can be introduced. Some material can be lost during the initial mRNA purification from the cell sample, due to lack of coupling of the poly(A) tail to poly(dT) ...
... Due to the large number of manipulations necessary to arrive at the final tag sequencing stage, there are many ways in which sequence errors can be introduced. Some material can be lost during the initial mRNA purification from the cell sample, due to lack of coupling of the poly(A) tail to poly(dT) ...
ppt12
... - (The binding site neigborhood – co-factors, epigenetics) - (Sequence of co-factors and their own regulation…) Transcription regulation (our phenotype) can therefore be: Conserved due to conservation of the genotype Diverge due to divergence of any of multiple loci in the genome Conserved due to co ...
... - (The binding site neigborhood – co-factors, epigenetics) - (Sequence of co-factors and their own regulation…) Transcription regulation (our phenotype) can therefore be: Conserved due to conservation of the genotype Diverge due to divergence of any of multiple loci in the genome Conserved due to co ...
Identification and expression of the first nonmammalian amyloid‐β
... transcription, exon 7 (encoding the 56 amino acid KPI domain also alternatively spliced in APP) and exon 14 (encoding a 12 amino acid domain involved in the attachment of a chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan side chain) are alternatively spliced [29]. While forms of APP mRNA lacking the KPI domai ...
... transcription, exon 7 (encoding the 56 amino acid KPI domain also alternatively spliced in APP) and exon 14 (encoding a 12 amino acid domain involved in the attachment of a chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan side chain) are alternatively spliced [29]. While forms of APP mRNA lacking the KPI domai ...
The methylcitric acid pathway in Ralstonia eutropha
... propionic acid is metabolized via the methylcitric acid pathway. The genes encoding enzymes of this pathway are organized in a cluster in the order prpR, prpB, prpC, acnM, ORF5 and prpD, with prpR transcribed divergently from the other genes. (i) prpC encodes a 2-methylcitric acid synthase (42 720 D ...
... propionic acid is metabolized via the methylcitric acid pathway. The genes encoding enzymes of this pathway are organized in a cluster in the order prpR, prpB, prpC, acnM, ORF5 and prpD, with prpR transcribed divergently from the other genes. (i) prpC encodes a 2-methylcitric acid synthase (42 720 D ...
Full-Text PDF
... elucidating more signaling networks upon abiotic stresses remain to be discovered. Moreover, metabolic activities respond to stress more quickly than transcriptional responses [25], suggesting that the elucidation of metabolite changes will increase our knowledge of how complex metabolic networks in ...
... elucidating more signaling networks upon abiotic stresses remain to be discovered. Moreover, metabolic activities respond to stress more quickly than transcriptional responses [25], suggesting that the elucidation of metabolite changes will increase our knowledge of how complex metabolic networks in ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.