Syntrophic linkage between predatory Carpediemonas and
... different microbial community members. How predatory eukaryotes engage in beneficial interactions with other microbes has rarely been investigated so far. Here, we studied an example of such an interaction by cultivating the anerobic marine flagellate, Carpediemonas frisia sp. nov. (supergroup Excav ...
... different microbial community members. How predatory eukaryotes engage in beneficial interactions with other microbes has rarely been investigated so far. Here, we studied an example of such an interaction by cultivating the anerobic marine flagellate, Carpediemonas frisia sp. nov. (supergroup Excav ...
A-level Human Biology Question Paper Unit 04 - Bodies and
... Wrapping a person in blankets leads to an immediate warming of the skin. This stimulates thermoreceptors in the skin. This stimulation of thermoreceptors in the skin causes the fall in core body temperature seen in the first ten minutes. Suggest how. ...
... Wrapping a person in blankets leads to an immediate warming of the skin. This stimulates thermoreceptors in the skin. This stimulation of thermoreceptors in the skin causes the fall in core body temperature seen in the first ten minutes. Suggest how. ...
Ammonium transport in Escherichia coli: localization and nucleotide
... respectively. Liquid cultures were grown at 37°C and aerated by shaking; plates were incubated at 37 "C. DNA isolation and manipulation. Plasmid DNA isolation, phenol/ chloroform extractions, ethanol precipitation of DNA, restriction digests, DNA ligation, bacterial transformation and agarose gel el ...
... respectively. Liquid cultures were grown at 37°C and aerated by shaking; plates were incubated at 37 "C. DNA isolation and manipulation. Plasmid DNA isolation, phenol/ chloroform extractions, ethanol precipitation of DNA, restriction digests, DNA ligation, bacterial transformation and agarose gel el ...
Document
... All the experimental evidence generated on the biosynthesis of queuosine and other 7-deazapurine natural products point to a GTP cyclohydrolase(GCYHI) or cyclohydrolase-like reaction as the first step in the biosynthesis. While we demonstrated that YkvM was not the expected cyclohydrolase enzyme, fu ...
... All the experimental evidence generated on the biosynthesis of queuosine and other 7-deazapurine natural products point to a GTP cyclohydrolase(GCYHI) or cyclohydrolase-like reaction as the first step in the biosynthesis. While we demonstrated that YkvM was not the expected cyclohydrolase enzyme, fu ...
Assessing in silico the recruitment and functional spectrum of
... horizontal gene transfer can only explain the propagation of already existing pathways but not the formation of the initial one; the latter process is unclear for most BGCs [8]. For the evolution of a novel SM pathway, it is generally assumed that it arises through the acquisition of genes from the ...
... horizontal gene transfer can only explain the propagation of already existing pathways but not the formation of the initial one; the latter process is unclear for most BGCs [8]. For the evolution of a novel SM pathway, it is generally assumed that it arises through the acquisition of genes from the ...
Identification of prokaryotic homologues indicates an endosymbiotic
... chloroplast enzyme. 3.3. Origin of the mitochondrial and plastid SHAMsensitive alternative oxidases The presence of a homologue of the aox gene in an a-proteobacterium, the ancestor of mitochondria (Gray et al., 1999), suggests that this eukaryotic nuclear gene has been inherited from the ancestor o ...
... chloroplast enzyme. 3.3. Origin of the mitochondrial and plastid SHAMsensitive alternative oxidases The presence of a homologue of the aox gene in an a-proteobacterium, the ancestor of mitochondria (Gray et al., 1999), suggests that this eukaryotic nuclear gene has been inherited from the ancestor o ...
GLYCOLYSIS (1).
... • It occurs in the cytosol of all cells. • Its unique features is that it can function aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and electron transport chain. • RBCs have no mitochondria and they rely completely on glucose as their metabolic fuel and metabolize it anaerob ...
... • It occurs in the cytosol of all cells. • Its unique features is that it can function aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and electron transport chain. • RBCs have no mitochondria and they rely completely on glucose as their metabolic fuel and metabolize it anaerob ...
One amino acid makes the difference: the formation of ent
... metabolism as, for example, phytoalexins. The biosynthesis of labdane-related diterpenes is mediated by the action of class II and class I diterpene synthases. Although terpene synthases have been well investigated in poplar, little is known about diterpene formation in this woody perennial plant sp ...
... metabolism as, for example, phytoalexins. The biosynthesis of labdane-related diterpenes is mediated by the action of class II and class I diterpene synthases. Although terpene synthases have been well investigated in poplar, little is known about diterpene formation in this woody perennial plant sp ...
GLYCOLYSIS
... • It occurs in the cytosol of all cells. • Its unique features is that it can function aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and electron transport chain. • RBCs have no mitochondria and they rely completely on glucose as their metabolic fuel and metabolize it anaerob ...
... • It occurs in the cytosol of all cells. • Its unique features is that it can function aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and electron transport chain. • RBCs have no mitochondria and they rely completely on glucose as their metabolic fuel and metabolize it anaerob ...
Identification and Characterization of Two Temperature
... The present study was performed to identify stress-induced putative virulence proteins of Streptococcus suis. For this, protein expression patterns of streptococci grown at 32, 37, and 42°C were compared by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Temperature shifts from 32 and 37 to 42°C induc ...
... The present study was performed to identify stress-induced putative virulence proteins of Streptococcus suis. For this, protein expression patterns of streptococci grown at 32, 37, and 42°C were compared by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Temperature shifts from 32 and 37 to 42°C induc ...
Lecture 1 Modeling in Biology: an introduction
... characterization and classification of the logical and informational modules that operate in cells. For example, the types of modules that may be involved in the dynamics of intracellular communication include feedback loops, switches, timers, oscillators and amplifiers. Many of these could be simil ...
... characterization and classification of the logical and informational modules that operate in cells. For example, the types of modules that may be involved in the dynamics of intracellular communication include feedback loops, switches, timers, oscillators and amplifiers. Many of these could be simil ...
Document
... … the number of completely new protein-coding genes discovered by the FANTOM consortium is at most in the hundreds… – Frey et al Science, March 2006 ...
... … the number of completely new protein-coding genes discovered by the FANTOM consortium is at most in the hundreds… – Frey et al Science, March 2006 ...
Photosynthesis genes in marine viruses yield proteins during host
... only would explain their presence in cyanophage genomes7,9, but also supports the modular theory of phage evolution22, in which phages evolve through the step-wise acquisition of genes from diverse sources. According to this theory, acquired genes are initially expressed autonomously and are integra ...
... only would explain their presence in cyanophage genomes7,9, but also supports the modular theory of phage evolution22, in which phages evolve through the step-wise acquisition of genes from diverse sources. According to this theory, acquired genes are initially expressed autonomously and are integra ...
Regulation of Protein Degradation
... of synthesis and its rate of degradation. Thus, differentialregulation of protein stability representsa potential mechanismfor modulating gene expression. lncreasing evidence suggests that protein degradation is indeed a regulatory mechanism in vivo. Dramatic differences in the in vivo stability of ...
... of synthesis and its rate of degradation. Thus, differentialregulation of protein stability representsa potential mechanismfor modulating gene expression. lncreasing evidence suggests that protein degradation is indeed a regulatory mechanism in vivo. Dramatic differences in the in vivo stability of ...
Ghorbaniaghdam (oral)
... productivities also differ in the abundance of proteins involved in cellular functions such as energetic metabolism, mAb folding/ assembly, and cytoskeletal organization. The issue of clonal variation in recombinant CHO cells has also been largely addressed. Early works compared clones for their gro ...
... productivities also differ in the abundance of proteins involved in cellular functions such as energetic metabolism, mAb folding/ assembly, and cytoskeletal organization. The issue of clonal variation in recombinant CHO cells has also been largely addressed. Early works compared clones for their gro ...
Isolation and Characterization of Rice MADS Box Gene
... Thirty-five MADS box gene homologues were identified through a large-scale cDNA analysis in rice. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the 3'-untranslated region, these clones were classified into 11 independent species. Seven species were found to be new among the rice MADS box gene family, and the ...
... Thirty-five MADS box gene homologues were identified through a large-scale cDNA analysis in rice. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the 3'-untranslated region, these clones were classified into 11 independent species. Seven species were found to be new among the rice MADS box gene family, and the ...
Global Properties of the Metabolic Map of
... protein subunits coded by neighboring genes? Interestingly, this seems to be the case for >90% of known heteromeric enzymes (data not shown). For instance, genes for imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase subunits HisH and HisF are located at centisome positions 45.053 and 45.081, respectively. An ex ...
... protein subunits coded by neighboring genes? Interestingly, this seems to be the case for >90% of known heteromeric enzymes (data not shown). For instance, genes for imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase subunits HisH and HisF are located at centisome positions 45.053 and 45.081, respectively. An ex ...
Characterisation of the diol dehydratase pdu operon of Lactobacillus
... which the ¢rst enzyme is a dehydratase. The entire sequence of the genes encoding this enzyme strongly suggests that glycerol is not the privileged substrate. Indeed, the degrees of homologies observed with other dehydratases, the molecular mass deduced from the ORFs as well as the genetic environme ...
... which the ¢rst enzyme is a dehydratase. The entire sequence of the genes encoding this enzyme strongly suggests that glycerol is not the privileged substrate. Indeed, the degrees of homologies observed with other dehydratases, the molecular mass deduced from the ORFs as well as the genetic environme ...
Day 2 Western blotting
... Mouse liver lysates prepared from fasted and refed mice will be used to compare FAS protein expression in liver using a method called Western blotting. Prior to Western analysis, we need to measure the protein content in each sample, to ensure that we assay the same amount of protein from each sampl ...
... Mouse liver lysates prepared from fasted and refed mice will be used to compare FAS protein expression in liver using a method called Western blotting. Prior to Western analysis, we need to measure the protein content in each sample, to ensure that we assay the same amount of protein from each sampl ...
m.se.hccs.edu
... • Three properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme – It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself – Some bases in RNA contain functional groups – RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules ...
... • Three properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme – It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself – Some bases in RNA contain functional groups – RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules ...
Chapter 17
... • Three properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme – It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself – Some bases in RNA contain functional groups – RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules ...
... • Three properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme – It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself – Some bases in RNA contain functional groups – RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules ...
REVIEWS
... Most culturable bacteria thrive in the rich media that are used to study their behaviour in the laboratory. In the natural environment, however, nutrients are often present in extremely dilute concentrations (for example, in the sea), inaccessible because of the paucity of water (for example, in the ...
... Most culturable bacteria thrive in the rich media that are used to study their behaviour in the laboratory. In the natural environment, however, nutrients are often present in extremely dilute concentrations (for example, in the sea), inaccessible because of the paucity of water (for example, in the ...
RNA Synthesis
... Biology W3310/4310 Virology Spring 2013 Truth is ever to be found in the simplicity, and not in the mul7plicity and confusion of things -‐-‐SIR ISAAC NEWTON ...
... Biology W3310/4310 Virology Spring 2013 Truth is ever to be found in the simplicity, and not in the mul7plicity and confusion of things -‐-‐SIR ISAAC NEWTON ...
Lecture 25
... Various important cell processes such as ligand-receptor reaction, hormonal activity, enzymatic catalysis, DNA replication, respiration, growth etc. occur because of the indispensible protein-protein interactions. To understand cellular processes, studying the protein-protein interactions is most im ...
... Various important cell processes such as ligand-receptor reaction, hormonal activity, enzymatic catalysis, DNA replication, respiration, growth etc. occur because of the indispensible protein-protein interactions. To understand cellular processes, studying the protein-protein interactions is most im ...
Green Fluorescent Protein: A Reporter Molecule
... the first protein, aequorin, to become excited and transfer the energy to the second protein, GFP, which loses the energy by emitting a photon of green light ...
... the first protein, aequorin, to become excited and transfer the energy to the second protein, GFP, which loses the energy by emitting a photon of green light ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.