Regulation of Arabidopsis 14-3
... Since 14-3-3 proteins regulate several aspects N metabolism in plants, we were interested to determine whether the 14-3-3s themselves might be subject to regulation by N metabolites. We therefore examined the expression of all members of the 14-3-3 gene family in Arabidopsis seedlings grown with dif ...
... Since 14-3-3 proteins regulate several aspects N metabolism in plants, we were interested to determine whether the 14-3-3s themselves might be subject to regulation by N metabolites. We therefore examined the expression of all members of the 14-3-3 gene family in Arabidopsis seedlings grown with dif ...
Chapter 11 Transcription and RNA Processing
... intermediaries that carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. • RNA synthesis, catalyzed by RNA polymerases, is similar to DNA synthesis in many respects. • RNA synthesis occurs within a localized region of strand separation (Transcription Bubble), and only ...
... intermediaries that carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. • RNA synthesis, catalyzed by RNA polymerases, is similar to DNA synthesis in many respects. • RNA synthesis occurs within a localized region of strand separation (Transcription Bubble), and only ...
Darnell, JC, Warren, ST and Darnell, RB: The fragile X mental retardation protein, FMRP, recognizes G-quartets. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 10:49-52 (2004).
... sites. This was shown by the significant number of putative G-quartets picked up by the RNABob program [Eddy; 2001; Gautheret et al., 1990] cited in Darnell et al. [2001] that did not bind FMRP when tested. It is likely that they do not fold into G-quartets because of competing structures in the RNA ...
... sites. This was shown by the significant number of putative G-quartets picked up by the RNABob program [Eddy; 2001; Gautheret et al., 1990] cited in Darnell et al. [2001] that did not bind FMRP when tested. It is likely that they do not fold into G-quartets because of competing structures in the RNA ...
Focus Issue on Plastid Biology Update Novel
... function as redox transmitters. The redox targets also possess intra- or intermolecular dithiol groups and their reduction most commonly leads to the activation of the enzyme. By this means many Benson-Calvin cycle enzymes are activated in the light when the photosynthetic light reaction is running ...
... function as redox transmitters. The redox targets also possess intra- or intermolecular dithiol groups and their reduction most commonly leads to the activation of the enzyme. By this means many Benson-Calvin cycle enzymes are activated in the light when the photosynthetic light reaction is running ...
A Rice Plastidial Nucleotide Sugar Epimerase Is Involved in
... (Figure 1H) and rather low starch levels (Figure 1I) at all timepoints taken during the light/dark cycle, while hexose levels were a little higher in the mutant (Figure S1). ...
... (Figure 1H) and rather low starch levels (Figure 1I) at all timepoints taken during the light/dark cycle, while hexose levels were a little higher in the mutant (Figure S1). ...
Looking for a strong promoter for Physcomitrella
... The 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus is a strong and constitutive promoter that is widely used in plant systems. However, in the moss Physcomitrella patens, its promoter strength is weak or all but silent in the dark.1 Therefore, it is necessary to find promoters that show higher express ...
... The 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus is a strong and constitutive promoter that is widely used in plant systems. However, in the moss Physcomitrella patens, its promoter strength is weak or all but silent in the dark.1 Therefore, it is necessary to find promoters that show higher express ...
Chapter 17
... • Three properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme – It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself – Some bases in RNA contain functional groups – RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules ...
... • Three properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme – It can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself – Some bases in RNA contain functional groups – RNA may hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules ...
Note 19
... They can then act as a factory to produce the desired gene products or they can be used to infect a higher living organisms e.g. maize to produce a genetically modified organism (GMO). Some examples of products made by the technology: insulin, pectinase, hepatitis B vaccine ...
... They can then act as a factory to produce the desired gene products or they can be used to infect a higher living organisms e.g. maize to produce a genetically modified organism (GMO). Some examples of products made by the technology: insulin, pectinase, hepatitis B vaccine ...
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Sara R. Fassio for the degree of
... responsible for inducing most of the cholera symptoms. Upon uptake into the cells, CT induces elevated levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which ultimately results in electrolyte and water loss as manifested by the watery diarrhea (15). Thus, CT reverses the normal physiology of the sma ...
... responsible for inducing most of the cholera symptoms. Upon uptake into the cells, CT induces elevated levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which ultimately results in electrolyte and water loss as manifested by the watery diarrhea (15). Thus, CT reverses the normal physiology of the sma ...
A Primer on Gene Regulation
... A simple experimental procedure for measuring the binding constant is the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (Figure 8). A segment of DNA containing an operator site is subjected to electrophoresis through a gel in the presence of an electric field in which the negative pole is at one end (top end ...
... A simple experimental procedure for measuring the binding constant is the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (Figure 8). A segment of DNA containing an operator site is subjected to electrophoresis through a gel in the presence of an electric field in which the negative pole is at one end (top end ...
PDF - Oxford Academic
... DNA sequences in both genes corresponding to restriction enzyme cleavage sites were verified by cleavage with the appropriate restriction enzyme with one exception. In the Lbc gene a DNA sequence corresponding to a Clal cleavage site was determined at nucleotide positions 1024-1029. This sequence ha ...
... DNA sequences in both genes corresponding to restriction enzyme cleavage sites were verified by cleavage with the appropriate restriction enzyme with one exception. In the Lbc gene a DNA sequence corresponding to a Clal cleavage site was determined at nucleotide positions 1024-1029. This sequence ha ...
Lactobacilli carry cryptic genes encoding peptidase
... pepQ gene were cloned in pJDC9 as a PCR product synthesized with the primer 5' TTGTGCAATCGCTTACAG 3' (p290), designed according to the upstream region of Lb. delbrueckii subsp. l a d s pepQ (Stucky et al., 1995) and with the Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus pepQ-specific primer 5' TTTGGCTGCACCGTGTT ...
... pepQ gene were cloned in pJDC9 as a PCR product synthesized with the primer 5' TTGTGCAATCGCTTACAG 3' (p290), designed according to the upstream region of Lb. delbrueckii subsp. l a d s pepQ (Stucky et al., 1995) and with the Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus pepQ-specific primer 5' TTTGGCTGCACCGTGTT ...
Phospholipid synthesis in Borrelia burgdorferi: BB0249 and BB0721
... protocols (Ames, 1968) and TLC of the extracts was performed. Staining of the TLC plates confirmed that PC and PG are the major phospholipids in the B. burgdorferi membrane (data not shown) and suggested that this method was a reliable method for examining B. burgdorferi membrane phospholipids. We t ...
... protocols (Ames, 1968) and TLC of the extracts was performed. Staining of the TLC plates confirmed that PC and PG are the major phospholipids in the B. burgdorferi membrane (data not shown) and suggested that this method was a reliable method for examining B. burgdorferi membrane phospholipids. We t ...
Pathways to abscisic acid-regulated gene expression
... Recent progress in ABA signalling is summarized from the perspectives gained by genetic (mutant) analysis, ‘ reverse genetics ’ (starting from unknown ABA-inducible sequences and working backwards) and biochemical studies. What emerges is a cell-biological model of overlapping tissue-specific stress ...
... Recent progress in ABA signalling is summarized from the perspectives gained by genetic (mutant) analysis, ‘ reverse genetics ’ (starting from unknown ABA-inducible sequences and working backwards) and biochemical studies. What emerges is a cell-biological model of overlapping tissue-specific stress ...
Mosses as model systems for the study of metabolism and
... In mosses, exogenous auxin has been shown to induce chloronemal to caulonemal differentiation and to inhibit chloronemal branching (4, 26, 49, 109, 114). The mosses F. hygrometrica and P. patens are both known to contain at least one native auxin, indole-3acetic acid (IAA) in gametophytic tissue (5, ...
... In mosses, exogenous auxin has been shown to induce chloronemal to caulonemal differentiation and to inhibit chloronemal branching (4, 26, 49, 109, 114). The mosses F. hygrometrica and P. patens are both known to contain at least one native auxin, indole-3acetic acid (IAA) in gametophytic tissue (5, ...
article in press - Biochemistry
... accordingly. It has long been appreciated in single-celled organisms that certain nutrients, or metabolites of these nutrients, can regulate their own uptake, synthesis and utilization (e.g. the tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli). By contrast, the conventional wisdom for higher eukaryotes has be ...
... accordingly. It has long been appreciated in single-celled organisms that certain nutrients, or metabolites of these nutrients, can regulate their own uptake, synthesis and utilization (e.g. the tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli). By contrast, the conventional wisdom for higher eukaryotes has be ...
Genome-Based Metabolic Mapping and C Flux
... modeling of dynamic isotopic labeling patterns (Young et al., 2011). This methodology allowed for mapping fluxes under autotrophic growth conditions (Young et al., 2011), because it overcame the limitation of traditional steady-state 13C metabolic flux analysis (MFA), which fails to resolve the flux fr ...
... modeling of dynamic isotopic labeling patterns (Young et al., 2011). This methodology allowed for mapping fluxes under autotrophic growth conditions (Young et al., 2011), because it overcame the limitation of traditional steady-state 13C metabolic flux analysis (MFA), which fails to resolve the flux fr ...
Metabolomic and flux‐balance analysis of age‐related decline of
... fly genes have been discovered that are similar in sequence and function to human genes for regulation of metabolism, signalling, and transcription during hypoxia (Wingrove and O’Farrell, 1999; Lavista-Llanos et al, 2002; Pan and Hardie, 2002). Although the hypoxia response in flies and humans seems t ...
... fly genes have been discovered that are similar in sequence and function to human genes for regulation of metabolism, signalling, and transcription during hypoxia (Wingrove and O’Farrell, 1999; Lavista-Llanos et al, 2002; Pan and Hardie, 2002). Although the hypoxia response in flies and humans seems t ...
high-performance gene expression
... quadruplex reactions (red line). The results illustrate that SensiFAST Probe No-ROX has high sensitivity and excellent reproducibility for both singleplex and multiplex reactions (Fig. 7A) and no reduction of efficiency (Fig. 7B) that is often associated with multiplexing. There is no change in Ct v ...
... quadruplex reactions (red line). The results illustrate that SensiFAST Probe No-ROX has high sensitivity and excellent reproducibility for both singleplex and multiplex reactions (Fig. 7A) and no reduction of efficiency (Fig. 7B) that is often associated with multiplexing. There is no change in Ct v ...
schedule for ph.d. course and workshop nov 26-dec 6
... Inference of microRNA-regulated gene networks and functions by co-expression analysis. Sandro Banfi, Second University of Naples, Italy ...
... Inference of microRNA-regulated gene networks and functions by co-expression analysis. Sandro Banfi, Second University of Naples, Italy ...
A wide-range phylogenetic analysis of Zic proteins: Implications for
... process of Zic genes as follows (Fig. 5A). The earliest Zic genes that appeared in ancestral Eumetazoa or metazoans, probably in the pre-Cambrian era, may have shared common structural features, namely the ZF and ZF-NC domains. Exon–intron boundaries are not conserved between Eumetazoa and cnidarian ...
... process of Zic genes as follows (Fig. 5A). The earliest Zic genes that appeared in ancestral Eumetazoa or metazoans, probably in the pre-Cambrian era, may have shared common structural features, namely the ZF and ZF-NC domains. Exon–intron boundaries are not conserved between Eumetazoa and cnidarian ...
The Primary Structure of a 4.0-kDa Photosystem I Polypeptide
... determined (26). The psaC gene has not been located on the 10.2-kDa polypeptide (PSI-H) from CP1 (l),whereas the 14barley chloroplast genome, but in other species it has been kDa polypeptide, PSI-I,and the other 4-kDa polypeptide located in the small single copy region (14, 18, 19, 32). The remain a ...
... determined (26). The psaC gene has not been located on the 10.2-kDa polypeptide (PSI-H) from CP1 (l),whereas the 14barley chloroplast genome, but in other species it has been kDa polypeptide, PSI-I,and the other 4-kDa polypeptide located in the small single copy region (14, 18, 19, 32). The remain a ...
Optimality models in biology nanocourse @ Harvard
... producing proteins without benefit Use inducer IPTG to produce LacZ, this inducer cannot be metabolized, hence no benefit ...
... producing proteins without benefit Use inducer IPTG to produce LacZ, this inducer cannot be metabolized, hence no benefit ...
Mitochondrial complex I deficiency: from organelle
... NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or complex I is the largest and most complicated one. During recent years, mutations in nuclear genes encoding structural subunits of complex I have been identified as a cause of devastating neurodegenerative disorders with onset in early childhood. Here, we present a c ...
... NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or complex I is the largest and most complicated one. During recent years, mutations in nuclear genes encoding structural subunits of complex I have been identified as a cause of devastating neurodegenerative disorders with onset in early childhood. Here, we present a c ...
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY UNDERGRADUATE COURSE Animal
... This class, for Ph.D. graduate students, is focused on the current topics of evolutionary biology. History of evolutionary biology, Phylogenetic Reconstruction, Molecular phylogeny, Species and speciation, Development and evolution, and Patterns and processes in macroevolution are major topics for d ...
... This class, for Ph.D. graduate students, is focused on the current topics of evolutionary biology. History of evolutionary biology, Phylogenetic Reconstruction, Molecular phylogeny, Species and speciation, Development and evolution, and Patterns and processes in macroevolution are major topics for d ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.