Detecting natural selection in RNA virus populations using
... phylogenetic estimates of the ratio of silent to replacement mutations. Such methods, however, are impractical to compute on large data sets comprising hundreds of complete viral genomes, which are becoming increasingly common due to advances in genome sequencing technology. Here we investigate the ...
... phylogenetic estimates of the ratio of silent to replacement mutations. Such methods, however, are impractical to compute on large data sets comprising hundreds of complete viral genomes, which are becoming increasingly common due to advances in genome sequencing technology. Here we investigate the ...
Characteristics Of Living Organisms
... What is inflammation and why does it happen? What is pus? Why do you sometimes get a fever when you are sick? (3 reasons) If you are sick and have a slight fever, should you take medicine to stop the fever? Why or why not? If you are sick and have a high fever, should you take medicine to stop the f ...
... What is inflammation and why does it happen? What is pus? Why do you sometimes get a fever when you are sick? (3 reasons) If you are sick and have a slight fever, should you take medicine to stop the fever? Why or why not? If you are sick and have a high fever, should you take medicine to stop the f ...
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... substrates. We will use NorM from Erwinia amylovora as model transporter. In our previous studies, we could show that NorM is involved in the resistance of E. amylovora towards antibiotics produced by other bacteria found on plants. NorM belongs to the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) family of ...
... substrates. We will use NorM from Erwinia amylovora as model transporter. In our previous studies, we could show that NorM is involved in the resistance of E. amylovora towards antibiotics produced by other bacteria found on plants. NorM belongs to the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) family of ...
New Antivirals and Drug Resistance
... Both zanamivir (oral inhalation) and oseltamivir (oral) are prescribed for acute 5day treatment of infected patients. Analysis of matched pairs of virus from 41 patients treated with zanamivir did not reveal any examples of drug-resistant virus (22). Similar studies, with much larger patient numbers ...
... Both zanamivir (oral inhalation) and oseltamivir (oral) are prescribed for acute 5day treatment of infected patients. Analysis of matched pairs of virus from 41 patients treated with zanamivir did not reveal any examples of drug-resistant virus (22). Similar studies, with much larger patient numbers ...
microbiology - UtechDMD2015
... – Accidentially takes up chromosomal DNA – Phage replicates bacterial gene picked up replicates – Genes carried into cells that the progeny virus infected – Occurs most often ...
... – Accidentially takes up chromosomal DNA – Phage replicates bacterial gene picked up replicates – Genes carried into cells that the progeny virus infected – Occurs most often ...
384 The role of auxin and cytokinesis in plants
... Microbe-originated Cks confer abnormal hypersensitivity of Cks to plants, augmenting the sink activity of infected regions. However, recent findings of Choi et al. (2011) [4]. have shed light on a distinct role of Cks in plant immune responses. They suggest that plant-borne Cks systemically induce r ...
... Microbe-originated Cks confer abnormal hypersensitivity of Cks to plants, augmenting the sink activity of infected regions. However, recent findings of Choi et al. (2011) [4]. have shed light on a distinct role of Cks in plant immune responses. They suggest that plant-borne Cks systemically induce r ...
Features of Hepatitis Viruses: Hepatitis Viruses Antigens
... Antibody to HBsAg. Indicates past infection with and immunity to HBV, presence of passive antibody from HBIG, or immune response from HBV vaccine. ...
... Antibody to HBsAg. Indicates past infection with and immunity to HBV, presence of passive antibody from HBIG, or immune response from HBV vaccine. ...
Plant Lipoxygenases. Physiological and Molecular Features
... (E)-2-hexenal induces a subset of JA-induced genes associated with the defense response, but fails to induce some other JA-responsive genes (Bate and Rothstein, 1998). This indicates that different signals from the LOX-derived pathways are mediators in the wounding response. In this respect, it is i ...
... (E)-2-hexenal induces a subset of JA-induced genes associated with the defense response, but fails to induce some other JA-responsive genes (Bate and Rothstein, 1998). This indicates that different signals from the LOX-derived pathways are mediators in the wounding response. In this respect, it is i ...
Geometry
... bacteriophages here and if you were to zoom in a little bit more, into those proteins that make up those biological building blocks that make up this tip of this sheath, you see it is very much like a syringe. So, it is a little nano-machine, and what we are going to see later is that, with the math ...
... bacteriophages here and if you were to zoom in a little bit more, into those proteins that make up those biological building blocks that make up this tip of this sheath, you see it is very much like a syringe. So, it is a little nano-machine, and what we are going to see later is that, with the math ...
Improving the Content of Essential Amino Acids in
... plants caused Lys overproduction in all plant organs, including the seeds (Negrutiu et al., 1984; Frankard et al., 1992; Shaul and Galili, 1992a, 1992b; Ben TzviTzchori et al., 1996). However, high levels of Lys in all plant tissues can cause abnormal vegetative growth and flower development that, i ...
... plants caused Lys overproduction in all plant organs, including the seeds (Negrutiu et al., 1984; Frankard et al., 1992; Shaul and Galili, 1992a, 1992b; Ben TzviTzchori et al., 1996). However, high levels of Lys in all plant tissues can cause abnormal vegetative growth and flower development that, i ...
Hormonal Regulation of Moss Protonema Development and the
... The Funaria hygrometrica CDPK gene (FhCDPK) shows the characteristic catalytic and autoinhibitory domains, the four EF hands and the highest homology to CDPKs from higher plants but far lower to liverwort or other moss CDPK genes. A 38 kDa myelin basic protein kinase (MBP kinase) is activated within ...
... The Funaria hygrometrica CDPK gene (FhCDPK) shows the characteristic catalytic and autoinhibitory domains, the four EF hands and the highest homology to CDPKs from higher plants but far lower to liverwort or other moss CDPK genes. A 38 kDa myelin basic protein kinase (MBP kinase) is activated within ...
Respiratory Tract Diseases The respiratory tract is the most common
... organisms are found just inside the nares and include Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. 2. In addition to the staphylococci, aerobic corynebacteria ("diphtheroids") can be cultured from the nasal surfaces. 3. Small numbers of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus ...
... organisms are found just inside the nares and include Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. 2. In addition to the staphylococci, aerobic corynebacteria ("diphtheroids") can be cultured from the nasal surfaces. 3. Small numbers of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus ...
B.Sc. PLANT SCIENCE (MAIN AND ALLIED
... and Engineering, Harwood Academic Publications, Australia. 5. Verma, P.S and Agarwal, V.K. 1993. A Textbook of cytology. S. Chand & Co, New Delhi. 6. Dnyansagar, V.R. 1987. Cell and Molecular Biology. Holt Saunders International, New York, USA. 7. Krishnamurthy, K.V. 1988. Methods in Plant Histochem ...
... and Engineering, Harwood Academic Publications, Australia. 5. Verma, P.S and Agarwal, V.K. 1993. A Textbook of cytology. S. Chand & Co, New Delhi. 6. Dnyansagar, V.R. 1987. Cell and Molecular Biology. Holt Saunders International, New York, USA. 7. Krishnamurthy, K.V. 1988. Methods in Plant Histochem ...
The Arabidopsis ABHD11 Mutant Accumulates
... role in lipid biosynthesis and turnover (Lord et al., 2013). The ABHD genes have highly diverged, and their roles vary depending upon their catalytic function (Long and Cravatt, 2011). To date, 18 human ABHD hydrolases and their expression in various tissues have been reported, but most still need t ...
... role in lipid biosynthesis and turnover (Lord et al., 2013). The ABHD genes have highly diverged, and their roles vary depending upon their catalytic function (Long and Cravatt, 2011). To date, 18 human ABHD hydrolases and their expression in various tissues have been reported, but most still need t ...
Sequence-Specific Resonance Assignments of the `H
... as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), the sheep visna virus (VILV), the caprine arthritis encephalitisvirus (CAEV), and the ovine lentivirus (OMVV). Retroviruses use a complex machinery of RNA-binding proteins to ...
... as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), the sheep visna virus (VILV), the caprine arthritis encephalitisvirus (CAEV), and the ovine lentivirus (OMVV). Retroviruses use a complex machinery of RNA-binding proteins to ...
Influenza virus characterisation, summary Europe, July 2016
... antigenically by HI assay due to variable agglutination of red blood cells (RBCs) from guinea pigs, turkeys and humans or the loss of the ability of viruses to agglutinate any of these RBCs. This is a particular problem for most viruses that fall in genetic subgroup 3C.2a, as was highlighted first i ...
... antigenically by HI assay due to variable agglutination of red blood cells (RBCs) from guinea pigs, turkeys and humans or the loss of the ability of viruses to agglutinate any of these RBCs. This is a particular problem for most viruses that fall in genetic subgroup 3C.2a, as was highlighted first i ...
and Mountain Lions (Puma concolor) in North America
... Mountain lions (Puma concolor) throughout North and South America are infected with puma lentivirus clade B (PLVB). A second, highly divergent lentiviral clade, PLVA, infects mountain lions in southern California and Florida. Bobcats (Lynx rufus) in these two geographic regions are also infected wit ...
... Mountain lions (Puma concolor) throughout North and South America are infected with puma lentivirus clade B (PLVB). A second, highly divergent lentiviral clade, PLVA, infects mountain lions in southern California and Florida. Bobcats (Lynx rufus) in these two geographic regions are also infected wit ...
Herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript gene function
... and maintains its latent state is unclear. There is evidence that the choice of forming lytic or latent infection occurs soon after entry of the neuronal cell nucleus (Steiner et al, 1990). It has been proposed that interaction between the virus and the neuronal fast axonal transport mechanisms may ...
... and maintains its latent state is unclear. There is evidence that the choice of forming lytic or latent infection occurs soon after entry of the neuronal cell nucleus (Steiner et al, 1990). It has been proposed that interaction between the virus and the neuronal fast axonal transport mechanisms may ...
Enteric hepatitis viruses - World Health Organization
... in faeces, water, or food. This seems also to be true of HCV, HDV, and HGV, and so there is no further discussion of these viruses here. The global public health impact of enteric hepatitis virus infections is immense. No attempt has yet been made to calculate meaningful figures because of the effec ...
... in faeces, water, or food. This seems also to be true of HCV, HDV, and HGV, and so there is no further discussion of these viruses here. The global public health impact of enteric hepatitis virus infections is immense. No attempt has yet been made to calculate meaningful figures because of the effec ...
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation
... and others 2002, 2005; Vessey 2003). Thus, plants inoculated with PGPR or AMF usually grow better than noninoculated plants under conditions of nutrient limitation (Wu and others 2005; Canbolat and others 2006). Beneficial effects are usually enhanced when both microorganisms are coinoculated, altho ...
... and others 2002, 2005; Vessey 2003). Thus, plants inoculated with PGPR or AMF usually grow better than noninoculated plants under conditions of nutrient limitation (Wu and others 2005; Canbolat and others 2006). Beneficial effects are usually enhanced when both microorganisms are coinoculated, altho ...
The families of pathogenesis-related proteins, their activities, and
... For the majority of the PR families, activities are known or can be inferred [42, 46]. Thus, the PR-2 family consists of endo-β-1,3-glucanases, and PR-3, -4, -8 and -11 are all classified as endochitinases, even though their specific activities on colloidal chitin vary over 100-fold [12]. A differen ...
... For the majority of the PR families, activities are known or can be inferred [42, 46]. Thus, the PR-2 family consists of endo-β-1,3-glucanases, and PR-3, -4, -8 and -11 are all classified as endochitinases, even though their specific activities on colloidal chitin vary over 100-fold [12]. A differen ...
109 GENES OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA INVOLVED IN WAX
... Abstract: The aerial surfaces of land plants are covered with cuticle that acts as a barrier providing protection against water loss, pathogen invasion and other environmental aggressions. Besides physical and chemical barriers, such as a waxy cuticle, plant defense mechanisms also involve a coordin ...
... Abstract: The aerial surfaces of land plants are covered with cuticle that acts as a barrier providing protection against water loss, pathogen invasion and other environmental aggressions. Besides physical and chemical barriers, such as a waxy cuticle, plant defense mechanisms also involve a coordin ...
Suppl Y3 Biochem of - UR-CST
... Explain the steps involved in Gram-staining (8 marks) Fixation of the microbial cells on the microscope slide (0.5 marks) Addition of the primary dye usually crystal violet (0.5 marks) After short time (30 seconds to 1 minute) the purple dye is washed off (0.5 marks). The smear is covered with iodin ...
... Explain the steps involved in Gram-staining (8 marks) Fixation of the microbial cells on the microscope slide (0.5 marks) Addition of the primary dye usually crystal violet (0.5 marks) After short time (30 seconds to 1 minute) the purple dye is washed off (0.5 marks). The smear is covered with iodin ...
understanding and engineering plant metal accumulation
... Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants. Most of the transporters thought to be involved in the uptake of micronutrients are in the ZIP (ZRT, IRT-like protein) and the Nramp (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) family [21,22]. For some of them, expression in roots and up-regulation under defi ...
... Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants. Most of the transporters thought to be involved in the uptake of micronutrients are in the ZIP (ZRT, IRT-like protein) and the Nramp (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) family [21,22]. For some of them, expression in roots and up-regulation under defi ...
Federal Agency for Social Development
... Your hands are disinfected after your work with disinfectious materials. NB! Rub your hands with wool or serviettes soaked in 0.5-1% solution of chloramine, after this wash your hands with warm water and soap. Theme 2. Classification and Morphology of Microorganisms. Microorganisms constitute a very ...
... Your hands are disinfected after your work with disinfectious materials. NB! Rub your hands with wool or serviettes soaked in 0.5-1% solution of chloramine, after this wash your hands with warm water and soap. Theme 2. Classification and Morphology of Microorganisms. Microorganisms constitute a very ...
Plant virus
Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses are pathogenic to higher plants. While this article does not intend to list all plant viruses, it discusses some important viruses as well as their uses in plant molecular biology.