The Microbial World
... C. Humans have evolved a complex defense system against potentially harmful microbes. Just as with antibiotics, many microbes have evolved ways to counteract this defense system. Read the article on the common human pathogen salmonella. 1. What defense mechanisms must a salmonella bacteria surmount ...
... C. Humans have evolved a complex defense system against potentially harmful microbes. Just as with antibiotics, many microbes have evolved ways to counteract this defense system. Read the article on the common human pathogen salmonella. 1. What defense mechanisms must a salmonella bacteria surmount ...
Nutrition acquisition strategies during fungal infection of plants
... mannitol, which the host, Vicia faba, can neither produce nor metabolize, accumulates in infected leaves to serve as a FEMS Microbiol Lett XX (2007) 000–000 ...
... mannitol, which the host, Vicia faba, can neither produce nor metabolize, accumulates in infected leaves to serve as a FEMS Microbiol Lett XX (2007) 000–000 ...
Viruses - Red Wing Public Schools
... disease, which stunts the growth of tobacco plants. • In 1935, biologist Wendell Stanley of the Rockefeller Institute purified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and determined that the purified virus is a crystal. • Stanley concluded that TMV is a chemical rather than an organism. Chapter menu ...
... disease, which stunts the growth of tobacco plants. • In 1935, biologist Wendell Stanley of the Rockefeller Institute purified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and determined that the purified virus is a crystal. • Stanley concluded that TMV is a chemical rather than an organism. Chapter menu ...
Over-expression of a putative poplar glycosyltransferase gene
... secondary metabolite-glycosylating enzymes was the largest and most diverse gene family identified, and much larger in poplar than in Arabidopsis, perhaps due to additional specialized functions in processes such as wood formation, dormancy, and longevity. The functions of several individual poplar ...
... secondary metabolite-glycosylating enzymes was the largest and most diverse gene family identified, and much larger in poplar than in Arabidopsis, perhaps due to additional specialized functions in processes such as wood formation, dormancy, and longevity. The functions of several individual poplar ...
Critical Review of Norovirus Surrogates in Food Safety Research
... cell or tissue culture, since these viruses are propagatable. Unfortunately, NoV cannot be routinely propagated in cell culture or animal models. Human exposure and resulting illness are currently the only means to distinguish infectious from inactivated NoVs. Scientists and regulators have relied o ...
... cell or tissue culture, since these viruses are propagatable. Unfortunately, NoV cannot be routinely propagated in cell culture or animal models. Human exposure and resulting illness are currently the only means to distinguish infectious from inactivated NoVs. Scientists and regulators have relied o ...
Type III Protein Secretion in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
... travel from the bacterial cytoplasm directly into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Central to this belief is the observation that T3SSs in different bacteria invariably assemble filamentous supramolecular structures (He et al., 2004). Although the first T3SS-associated filamentous structure was di ...
... travel from the bacterial cytoplasm directly into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Central to this belief is the observation that T3SSs in different bacteria invariably assemble filamentous supramolecular structures (He et al., 2004). Although the first T3SS-associated filamentous structure was di ...
Emerging Concepts in Effector Biology of Plant
... viewed as “parasite genes having phenotypic expression in host bodies and behavior” (Dawkins 1999). Indeed, effectors are the products of genes that reside in pathogen genomes but that actually function at the interface with the host plant or even inside plant cells, providing a vivid example of Daw ...
... viewed as “parasite genes having phenotypic expression in host bodies and behavior” (Dawkins 1999). Indeed, effectors are the products of genes that reside in pathogen genomes but that actually function at the interface with the host plant or even inside plant cells, providing a vivid example of Daw ...
Recommended Procedures for the Extraction of RNA
... isolation method developed by Chomczynski & Sacchi (Anal. Biochem, ...
... isolation method developed by Chomczynski & Sacchi (Anal. Biochem, ...
red algae
... Gellan gum: is a water-soluble polysaccharide produced by Sphingomonas elodea Also known commercially as Phytagel™ or Gelrite®, is used primarily as a gelling agent, alternative to agar, in microbiological culture. It is able to withstand 120 °C heat, making it especially useful in culturing thermop ...
... Gellan gum: is a water-soluble polysaccharide produced by Sphingomonas elodea Also known commercially as Phytagel™ or Gelrite®, is used primarily as a gelling agent, alternative to agar, in microbiological culture. It is able to withstand 120 °C heat, making it especially useful in culturing thermop ...
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
... with confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM). Probes specific to G. diazotrophicus were labeled with Cy3. Representative pictures of roots are shown in Figure 6. Using this technique, a strong colonization of plant roots inoculated with WT bacteria was observed, whereas no or only a few bacterial ...
... with confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM). Probes specific to G. diazotrophicus were labeled with Cy3. Representative pictures of roots are shown in Figure 6. Using this technique, a strong colonization of plant roots inoculated with WT bacteria was observed, whereas no or only a few bacterial ...
Madurai Kamaraj University
... Madurai Kamaraj University B.Sc. Botany (Non - Semester) REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS (This will come into force from the academic year 2013 - 2014 onwards) 1. QUALIFICATION FOR ADMISSION: Candidates should have passed the Higher Secondary Examination conducted by the board of higher secondary education ...
... Madurai Kamaraj University B.Sc. Botany (Non - Semester) REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS (This will come into force from the academic year 2013 - 2014 onwards) 1. QUALIFICATION FOR ADMISSION: Candidates should have passed the Higher Secondary Examination conducted by the board of higher secondary education ...
The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung
... Box 2 | Co‑pathogenesis of respiratory viruses other than influenza with bacteria It is clear from co‑detection studies that bacterial pneumonia is temporally associated with infections from respiratory viruses other than influenza viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) , parainfluenza ...
... Box 2 | Co‑pathogenesis of respiratory viruses other than influenza with bacteria It is clear from co‑detection studies that bacterial pneumonia is temporally associated with infections from respiratory viruses other than influenza viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) , parainfluenza ...
Rice HYDROPEROXIDE LYASES with Unique
... is mainly located in the outer parenchymal cells of the pericarp (Shibata et al., 1995). This is consistent with the HPL-proposed primary role in defense against external invasions. Tissue-specific HPL activity varies between plant species and is developmentally regulated (Vick and Zimmerman, 1976; ...
... is mainly located in the outer parenchymal cells of the pericarp (Shibata et al., 1995). This is consistent with the HPL-proposed primary role in defense against external invasions. Tissue-specific HPL activity varies between plant species and is developmentally regulated (Vick and Zimmerman, 1976; ...
Regulation of pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase by ADP
... The competing reactions of RP must somehow be flexibly governed for correctly adjusting PPDK activation state to the rate of carbon flux in the C4 (and C3) cycle because it is bifunctional, with the ability to catalyze both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PPDK. Some evidence to date suggest ...
... The competing reactions of RP must somehow be flexibly governed for correctly adjusting PPDK activation state to the rate of carbon flux in the C4 (and C3) cycle because it is bifunctional, with the ability to catalyze both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PPDK. Some evidence to date suggest ...
CDC-and-friends-going-for-the-Polio
... The result of this inflammation, whether chemical or viral, leads to certain characteristic muscular symptoms that have been conditioned into the minds of several generations of people to appear as the classic atrophied limbs, iron lungs and other horrifying images. By definition and by historical d ...
... The result of this inflammation, whether chemical or viral, leads to certain characteristic muscular symptoms that have been conditioned into the minds of several generations of people to appear as the classic atrophied limbs, iron lungs and other horrifying images. By definition and by historical d ...
Sporopollenin Biosynthetic Enzymes Interact and
... from the moss Physcomitrella patens to gymnosperm and angiosperm species, thus suggesting that they participate in an ancient, conserved metabolic pathway that was probably determinant in the evolution of land plants. The sites of synthesis and transport of sporopollenin precursors in tapetal cells, ...
... from the moss Physcomitrella patens to gymnosperm and angiosperm species, thus suggesting that they participate in an ancient, conserved metabolic pathway that was probably determinant in the evolution of land plants. The sites of synthesis and transport of sporopollenin precursors in tapetal cells, ...
Non-coding RNAs - Structural Biology Labs
... RNA results in proteins? • Of all RNA, transcribed in higher eukaryotes, 98% are never translated into proteins • Of those 98%, about 50-70% are introns • The rest originate from non-protein genes, including rRNA, tRNA and a vast number of other non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) • Even introns have been show ...
... RNA results in proteins? • Of all RNA, transcribed in higher eukaryotes, 98% are never translated into proteins • Of those 98%, about 50-70% are introns • The rest originate from non-protein genes, including rRNA, tRNA and a vast number of other non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) • Even introns have been show ...
Use of Predicted Amino Acid Sequence of Envelope
... strains in Cuba(7, 15). The cause(s) of the more severe form of dengue infection is (are) not fully understood, though it has been postulated that DHF may result from immune enhancement caused by infection by a second DEN serotype(5). Halstead(16) also proposed that there are biotypes of DEN that ca ...
... strains in Cuba(7, 15). The cause(s) of the more severe form of dengue infection is (are) not fully understood, though it has been postulated that DHF may result from immune enhancement caused by infection by a second DEN serotype(5). Halstead(16) also proposed that there are biotypes of DEN that ca ...
Mycosphere Essay 18: Biotechnological advances of beneficial
... 1994), tolerance to salinity and heavy metals and also protection against soil born pathogenic fungi and nematodes (Smith & Read 2008). They also help increase resistance to foliar-feeding insects (Gange & West 1994). The use of fertilizers and biopesticides, monoculturing and other agricultural pra ...
... 1994), tolerance to salinity and heavy metals and also protection against soil born pathogenic fungi and nematodes (Smith & Read 2008). They also help increase resistance to foliar-feeding insects (Gange & West 1994). The use of fertilizers and biopesticides, monoculturing and other agricultural pra ...
Signalling crosstalk in light stress and immune reactions in plants
... biotic stress agent in the extracellular space, proceeds through intracellular signalling interactions and culminates in physiological defence responses in infected tissues [3]. In this review, we elaborate on the role of chloroplasts as a central metabolic and regulatory hub, which largely specifie ...
... biotic stress agent in the extracellular space, proceeds through intracellular signalling interactions and culminates in physiological defence responses in infected tissues [3]. In this review, we elaborate on the role of chloroplasts as a central metabolic and regulatory hub, which largely specifie ...
Rhodococcus fascians - Expertise aan de Hogeschool Gent
... oligopeptides and γ-butyrolactones in grampositive bacteria. Typically, an autoregulatory compound accumulates in the surroundings of the growing bacterial population, and its concentration correlates positively with the cell density. As soon as the extracellular concentration of the autoinducer is ...
... oligopeptides and γ-butyrolactones in grampositive bacteria. Typically, an autoregulatory compound accumulates in the surroundings of the growing bacterial population, and its concentration correlates positively with the cell density. As soon as the extracellular concentration of the autoinducer is ...
Replicon RNA Viral Vectors as Vaccines
... genomes of self-replicating RNA viruses have required the design of vectors with specific features. Moreover, the viral vectors can be utilized in different forms as indicated for the individual types of viruses below. 2.1. Alphaviruses Alphavirus-based expression systems have been developed in diff ...
... genomes of self-replicating RNA viruses have required the design of vectors with specific features. Moreover, the viral vectors can be utilized in different forms as indicated for the individual types of viruses below. 2.1. Alphaviruses Alphavirus-based expression systems have been developed in diff ...
Identification of a novel viral protein in infectious bursal disease
... various IPNV strains, i.e. strain Jasper (Duncon & Dobos, 1986) and N1 (Havarstein et al., 1990), possess a second ORF partially overlapping the polyprotein gene (Havarstein et al., 1990) and a 17 kDa protein has been demonstrated by SDS PAGE of [a~S]methionine-labelled purified IPNV. However, no co ...
... various IPNV strains, i.e. strain Jasper (Duncon & Dobos, 1986) and N1 (Havarstein et al., 1990), possess a second ORF partially overlapping the polyprotein gene (Havarstein et al., 1990) and a 17 kDa protein has been demonstrated by SDS PAGE of [a~S]methionine-labelled purified IPNV. However, no co ...
Exposing the Myth of the GERM THEORY
... Almost everyone in the Western world has been nurtured on the germ theory of disease: that disease is the direct consequence of the work of some outside agent, be it germ or virus. People have been educated to be terrified of bacteria and to believe implicitly in the idea of contagion: that specific ...
... Almost everyone in the Western world has been nurtured on the germ theory of disease: that disease is the direct consequence of the work of some outside agent, be it germ or virus. People have been educated to be terrified of bacteria and to believe implicitly in the idea of contagion: that specific ...
Norovirus Infectious Agent Information Sheet
... Norovirus Infectious Agent Information Sheet Introduction Noroviruses are non-enveloped (naked) RNA viruses with icosahedral nucleocapsid symmetry. The norovirus genome consists of (+) ssRNA, containing three open reading frames that encode for proteins required for transcription, replication, and a ...
... Norovirus Infectious Agent Information Sheet Introduction Noroviruses are non-enveloped (naked) RNA viruses with icosahedral nucleocapsid symmetry. The norovirus genome consists of (+) ssRNA, containing three open reading frames that encode for proteins required for transcription, replication, and a ...
Plant virus
Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses are pathogenic to higher plants. While this article does not intend to list all plant viruses, it discusses some important viruses as well as their uses in plant molecular biology.