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Previously in Bio308
Previously in Bio308

... How would a neuropeptide get made (in general terms)? What are the basic parts of DNA, RNA, and proteins? What is the difference between hnRNA, mRNA and tRNA? ...
Biology Pre-Learning Check
Biology Pre-Learning Check

... In this short unit, we will be studying the RNA molecule in detail, comparing it to what we learned about DNA. We will look at the specific structure of the subunits (nucleotides) as well as the structure of the RNA molecule itself and comparing/contrasting it with DNA We will also study the process ...
Exam V2002 - English
Exam V2002 - English

... Prokaryotes: direct binding of RNA polymerase to promoter; only one RNA polymerase; promoter sequences differ from eukaryotic sequences Eukaryotes: indirect binding of RNA polymerase to promoter via general transcription factors; three RNA polymerases which recognize different promoter sequences b) ...
Gene Regulation of Eukaryotes
Gene Regulation of Eukaryotes

...  Oncogene - is a protein encoding gene, which when deregulated - participates in the onset and development of cancer.  Tumour suppressor gene - or antioncogene is a gene that protects a cell from being cancer. ...
DNA Replication, Translation, Transcription, & Protein
DNA Replication, Translation, Transcription, & Protein

... • Please turn in your Microbiology Test Homework • Progress Reports go out very soon! • Today we are going to work together to be productive. If we are productive, then you will have an opportunity to play a fun game with our remaining time. It is a variation of game made up by one of the students i ...
G
G

... • Compare genomes: – Assumption that coding regions are more conserved than non-coding regions. – Sometimes conservation may not cover the entire exon or extend over to introns as well. ...
Lecture 15 POWERPOINT here
Lecture 15 POWERPOINT here

... of DNA located about 25 bases upstream of the gene start site  TFIIA and TFIIB bind to TFIID causing local unraveling of the DNA  TFIIE, TFIIH, TFIIF, and RNA Pol II bind next  Addition of phosphate groups to the RNA Pol II allows transcription to commence, and results in the release of the all t ...
RNA Synthesis (Transcription)
RNA Synthesis (Transcription)

... said to be upstream of the initiation point  Sequences following the first base are numbered positively – ...
Eukaryotic Gene Control
Eukaryotic Gene Control

... conditions while facing changing external conditions ...
Chapter 19.
Chapter 19.

... conditions while facing changing external conditions ...
chapt13_image
chapt13_image

... • It is an inactive X chromosome that does not produce gene products • In females one X chromosome transcribes genes and the other becomes a Barr body • Which X is inactive depends on which X chromosome that cell received ...
Large Scale Gene Expression Analysis
Large Scale Gene Expression Analysis

... Transcription control in eucaryots is complex: • Eukaryotic RNA-polymerase needs „general transcription factors“ • Eukaryotic includes promotor plus regulative DNA sequences • Enhancer elements regulate genes in distance ...
Lecture TandT
Lecture TandT

... The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein – DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. ...
RNA Synthesis and Splicing
RNA Synthesis and Splicing

... Phosphorylation of CTD by TFIIH -> elongation of transcription ...
RNA and Translation notes
RNA and Translation notes

... 1. They act as adaptors between mRNA and the ribosome. Ribosomes can’t decode mRNA without them. 2. They carry amino acids to the ribosome. •tRNAs need to be “charged with the proper amino acid. For example, tRNAgly needs to be charged with glycine. If it is mischarged with then the wrong a.a. will ...
Transcription
Transcription

... The structure of a bacterial RNA polymerase. Two depictions of the three-dimensional structure of a bacterial RNA polymerase, with the DNA and RNA modeled in. This RNA polymerase is formed from four different subunits, indicated by different colors (right). The DNA strand used as a template is red, ...
New Ligands of CRABP2 Suggest a Role for this Protein in
New Ligands of CRABP2 Suggest a Role for this Protein in

... retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers. The cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 (CRABP2) is involved in the transport of RA from the cytosol to specific RA receptors in the nucleus, acting as a coactivator of nuclear retinoid receptors. In order to better understand the mechanism of cellular si ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... histone proteins removes positive charges, thereby reducing the affinity between histones and DNA. This makes RNA polymerase and transcription factors easier to access the promoter region. Therefore, in most cases, histone acetylation enhances transcription while histone deacetylation represses tran ...
the primary transcript
the primary transcript

... to secreted immunoglobulins by antigen-stimulated B lymphocytes, also involves alternative splicing. The primary transcripts from a large percentage of genes undergo alternative splicing. This may occur within the same cell, or the primary transcript of a gene may be alternatively spliced in differ ...
You Light Up My Life
You Light Up My Life

... promoter is not good at binding RNA polymerase ...
GENE REGULATION 12-5 - Somers Public Schools
GENE REGULATION 12-5 - Somers Public Schools

... Image modified from: http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/16GeneControl/lac_ope ...
BIOL1020 Core Concepts Introduction to evolution as a common
BIOL1020 Core Concepts Introduction to evolution as a common

... Introduction to evolution as a common theme in biology: Common ancestor concept, Taxonomy intro, Evolutionary processes intro Cells: definition, structure, types, cytoskeleton DNA and RNA: structure and composition, double helical structure implications/parallel/anti-parallel DNA replication Macromo ...
AP gene regulation
AP gene regulation

... produce the enzymes (proteins) that digest lactose all of the time. No, only when the environment requires it. – Most prokaryotic controls are transcriptional controls ...
HNF4a Network - University of Wisconsin–Madison
HNF4a Network - University of Wisconsin–Madison

... HNF4a results: antibody specificity or errors? • Essentially identical results were obtained with two different antibodies that recognize different portions of HNF4a. • Western blots showed that the HNF4a antibodies are highly specific. • They verified binding at more than 50 randomly selected targ ...
Freeman 1e: How we got there
Freeman 1e: How we got there

... depends on its state of phosphorylation. ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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