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Biology
Biology

... 2. What is a mutation and describe how they can occur? ...
RNA
RNA

... to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. • So, RNA is making a single-stranded copy from DNA that takes information out of the nucleus. ...
RNA PP
RNA PP

... to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. • So, RNA is making a single-stranded copy from DNA that takes information out of the nucleus. ...
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)

... Transfer RNA (tRNA): shuttles amino acids to the ribosomes. It's responsible for bringing the correct amino acids into place at the appropriate time. It does this by reading the message carried by the mRNA. Transcription: Copying of the genetic code directly from DNA. Only a piece of DNA is copied. ...
Cancer:19.3 A. - Oncogenes – cancer causing genes found in some
Cancer:19.3 A. - Oncogenes – cancer causing genes found in some

... MALIGNANCY. Ex. Colorectal cancer, breast cancer. B. - Tumor suppressor gene products normally inhibit cell division. - Any decrease in normal activity can lead to uncontrolled cell growth. - Some TS genes repair damaged DNA so that cancer-causing mutations don’t build up. - Some TS genes control ad ...
II - Humble ISD
II - Humble ISD

... Although many mutations are harmful, some mutations are ______________, and others may be very _____________________ to an organism. There are two categories of mutations: A. Chromosomal Mutations A chromosomal mutation involves a change in the _______________ of the entire chromosome or a change in ...
Energy Unit SG Key
Energy Unit SG Key

... 3 nucleotides in a row on a strand of mRNA that code for an amino acid Only mRNA The structure and function of a protein is determined by the order of the amino acids and their chemical properties. ...
Basics Terms of Life Science Cells
Basics Terms of Life Science Cells

... Cells • Living cells take in food and water. • Cells can be organized to form tissues and organs. ...
Section 16.2
Section 16.2

... – No lactose, enzymes not needed, expression of genes encoding enzymes repressed – Lactose present; indirectly induces activation of genes by binding to repressor – All lactose metabolized, none available to bind to ...
What is a protein? - Hicksville Public Schools
What is a protein? - Hicksville Public Schools

... There are two types of RNA. Both of them help with protein synthesis ...
Lecture 2: Biological Side of Bioinformatics
Lecture 2: Biological Side of Bioinformatics

... Are much more evolved (have hardly any junk) Viruses have overlapping genes (zipped/compressed) ...
Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane

... Plasma membrane The plasma membrane or bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and thus has all of the general functions of a cell membrane such as acting as a permeability barrier for most molecules and serving as the location for the transport of molecules into the cel ...
7.1 DNA Structure
7.1 DNA Structure

... • N-bases complementary bond with each other using hydrogen bonds ▫ Cytosine – Guanine (C-G) ▫ Adenine – Thymine (A-T) ...
OverviewLecture1
OverviewLecture1

... • DNA makes protein and protein (enzymes) make everything else. • 20 Amino acids • Amino acid properties • Motifs • Domains • Biological units ...
Managing Associations Between Different Chromosomes
Managing Associations Between Different Chromosomes

... allele and initiate the above-mentioned processes through epigenetic changes that mark the loci to be regulated. One such epigenetic change involves DNA methylation and demethylation. This modification, known as “genomic imprinting,” occurs when both maternal and paternal alleles are present but onl ...
Gene regulation in bacteria -
Gene regulation in bacteria -

... there is a group of five genes in E. coli encoding enzymes that are needed for synthesising the amino acid tryptophan. A grouping like this is called an ‘operon’. There is a similar group of three genes encoding enzymes that are needed to break down the sugar arabinose and another group of three gen ...
Protein Synthesis Notes
Protein Synthesis Notes

... 1. Addition of the cap 2. Addition of the tail 3. Removal of introns with the splicing together of exons Exons - code for parts of the protein Introns – nucleotides that occur between exons ...
Genetics
Genetics

... What's the center of heredity in a cell? In eukaryotic organisms it is the nucleus, in prokaryotes it is the nucleoid region. What is the genetic material? In eukaryotes & prokaryotes it is DNA, in viruses it can be either DNA or RNA. What do DNA & RNA stand for? DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid / RNA: ri ...
RNA & Protein Synthesis
RNA & Protein Synthesis

... 4.) The next codon is read and another amino acid is brought by tRNA and attached to the 1st amino acid. 5.) This continues until the “Stop” codon is reached. ...
SnapShot: Control of Flowering in Arabidopsis
SnapShot: Control of Flowering in Arabidopsis

... The six pathways converge to regulate a small number of “floral integrator genes,” encoded by different classes of proteins, which govern flowering time by merging signals from multiple pathways. These integrator genes include FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SO ...
Unit 2 Review: Molecular Genetics
Unit 2 Review: Molecular Genetics

... -translation -initiation by start codon (AUG) and 2 ribosomal subunits -elongation of polypeptide by tRNA bringing amino acids -terminates at stop codon Control Mechanisms -42,000 human proteins, needed at specific times in different locations, and amounts -gene regulation controlled at four differe ...
Molecular Genetics - SmartLab Education Group
Molecular Genetics - SmartLab Education Group

... 5. In DNA molecule, there is no fixed order between the nitrogenous bases within a strand. Thus there is a total of 43 ways of arrangement in a codon. 6. Different arrangements of nitrogenous bases eg. AAA and ACA code for different amino acids. 7. The code, which specifies which amino acid each co ...
Chapter 17 notes
Chapter 17 notes

... Figure 17.21 The signal mechanism for targeting proteins to the ER ...
Exam 2 Full KEY v1 Bio200 Sum12
Exam 2 Full KEY v1 Bio200 Sum12

... you should indicate as specifically as possible how the mutation occurred, where in the cell and in the body the mutated cell is located, and the mechanism that allows this mutation to lead to cancer. Be creative where necessary. You should do this in less than one sentence for each mutation (If nec ...
Transcription and Translation
Transcription and Translation

... processing. The initial met is removed and the chain is folded into its final shape. ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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