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Symbiotic sympatric speciation through interaction
Symbiotic sympatric speciation through interaction

... Recently, models have been presented that show the instability of a sexual continuum, without assuming the existence of discrete groups in the beginning. The argument based on the runaway is probably the most persuasive (Lande, 1981; Turner and Burrows, 1995). Proposed mechanisms include disruptive ...
A new defense of adaptationism
A new defense of adaptationism

... impossible. People deploy adaptive explanations without justifying them over non-adaptive alternatives, such as appeals to architectural constraints or genetic drift. If one adaptive explanation fails it is simply replaced by another, but sufficient ingenuity enables any trait can be given an adapti ...
Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville
Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville

... For instance, Holt (2003) examined evolution in such a two-habitat environment, assuming a tradeoff between habitats (so increasing performance in one came at a cost in the other) coupled with ideal free habitat selection. The models examined in that paper assumed that habitat selection and performa ...
Epistasis and quantitative traits: using model organisms to study
Epistasis and quantitative traits: using model organisms to study

... landscape of possible genetic interactions. The statistical challenge is the severe penalty that is incurred for testing multiple hypotheses. The computational challenge is the large number of tests that must be evaluated. Genetically tractable model organisms afford the opportunity to use experimen ...
Interacting Phenotypes and the Evolutionary Process. II. Selection
Interacting Phenotypes and the Evolutionary Process. II. Selection

... selection or the conditions under which this force changes. Here we present a model of social selection acting on interacting phenotypes that can be evaluated independently from the genetics of interacting phenotypes. Our model of social selection is analogous to covariance models of other forms of ...
Biological Altruism
Biological Altruism

... altruists will be at a selective disadvantage relative to their selfish colleagues, but the fitness of the group as a whole will be enhanced by the presence of altruists. Groups composed only or mainly of selfish organisms go extinct, leaving behind groups containing altruists. In the example of the ...
Measuring and comparing evolvability and constraint
Measuring and comparing evolvability and constraint

... Leamy, 2001; Magwene, 2001; Blows & Higgie, 2003; Hansen et al., 2003a; Blows et al., 2004; Blows, 2007; Cheverud & Marroig, 2007; Mitteroecker & Bookstein, 2007; Kirkpatrick, 2008). Some of these measures have an interpretation that connects them to evolutionary theory, such as Schluter’s (1996) ge ...
Julian Steward and the Rise of Anthropological Theory
Julian Steward and the Rise of Anthropological Theory

... Of course I was overwhelmed by Kroeber's erudition and in my OB(ituary) [1962a] I tried to treat him kindly. My point about his . anticipation of problems and even hypotheses is that he did again and again amass data only to stop short of drawing any conclusions. For example, in his "P.rimary and Se ...
Title: Genetic architecture of contemporary adaptation to biotic
Title: Genetic architecture of contemporary adaptation to biotic

... assumes that the alternative alleles at major QTLs affecting the traits of interest are fixed (e.g. lineages with different selection histories). QTL analyses using the TREE module, which does not assume fixed QTL, found QTL of similar size on the same linkage groups (data not shown). Significance t ...
Standard Seven: Diversity and Continuity of living Things 5/9/05
Standard Seven: Diversity and Continuity of living Things 5/9/05

... Standard 7: Diversity and Continuity of Living Things, Grade Level Expectations Grades K-3 Essential Questions: Why do offspring resemble their parents? How do organisms change as they go through their life cycles? Essential Questions: How are organisms of the same kind different from each other? H ...
Excess of Deleterious Mutations around HLA
Excess of Deleterious Mutations around HLA

... that showed increased variation in regions linked to loci under both simple and multilocus balancing selection (Kaplan et al. 1988; Grimsley et al. 1998; O’hUigin et al. 2000; Navarro and Barton 2002). However, a comprehensive theoretical and empirical investigation of this scenario for deleterious ...
Biology 4974/5974 Evolution
Biology 4974/5974 Evolution

... Hybridization is widespread in plants but there are cases of hybridization in animals as well. Hybridization leads to important outcomes: 1.Generating novel genotypes. 2.Founding new evolutionary lineages. Fertile hybrids mediate gene flow from one species to another. •e.g., (Grant and Grant 2008). ...
Section 6.3: Mendel and Heredity
Section 6.3: Mendel and Heredity

Genetic Programming: Introduction, Applications, Theory and Open
Genetic Programming: Introduction, Applications, Theory and Open

study on factors affecting the efficiency of marker
study on factors affecting the efficiency of marker

variation in the strength and softness of selection on
variation in the strength and softness of selection on

... eggs will deviate from this expectation for two reasons. First, there may be some error in counting and transferring of eggs, thus the total number of eggs may not be exactly 360 as intended. Second, the eggs are obtained from a cross of +/+ females by Adv/+ males and so the actual frequency of muta ...
The hidden complexity of Mendelian traits across yeast
The hidden complexity of Mendelian traits across yeast

... Elucidating the genetic causes of the astonishing phenotypic diversity observed in natural populations is a major challenge in biology. Within a population, individuals display phenotypic variations in terms of morphology, growth, physiology, behavior, and disease susceptibility. The inheritance pat ...
Group Selection
Group Selection

... Traits that increase male mate numbers at the expense of male viability spread through a population. • Group Selection versus Individual Selection Traits that increase the fitness of the group can spread at the expense of the individual when group selection > individual selection. Traits that increa ...
M-Collate2 119..268
M-Collate2 119..268

... Natural selection is de®ned as the differential reproduction of genetically distinct individuals (genotypes) within a population. Differential reproduction is caused by differences among individuals in such traits as mortality, fertility, fecundity, mating success and the viability of the offspring. ...
What Is Culture? The Conceptual Question
What Is Culture? The Conceptual Question

... they drive black cars with no chrome? What distinguishes the Japanese Peruvians, since few of them speak Japanese? For individuals, ethnicity, meaning one’s identification with or participation in an ethnic group, can be even more challenging to define. One’s ethnicity may be multiple, or unclear to ...
Genetic Algorithms
Genetic Algorithms

... P4: Selection operator is applied n times (n – number of individuals). The selected chromosomes form an intermediate population P1 (having also n members). In P1, some chromosomes of P(t) can have more children (will appear more than once) and others have no copy. P5: Apply crossover operator on the ...
W i
W i

Running head: The evolutionary genetics of personality
Running head: The evolutionary genetics of personality

... that time, but, as major advocates of an adaptationistic evolutionary psychology, they focused on species-typical psychological adaptations and downplayed genetic variation as minor evolutionary noise. In their view, one plausible mechanism that could maintain genetic variation in psychological diff ...
Modes of Inheritance
Modes of Inheritance

lecture 02 - selection on the gene, genome, trait and phenotype
lecture 02 - selection on the gene, genome, trait and phenotype

... fitness of an individual: # of offspring that survive to reproduce - if you live forever but produce no offspring, your fitness = 0 Allele combinations resulting in higher fitness are passed to more offspring, and thus those alleles rise in frequency over time (becoming more common) ...
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Dual inheritance theory

Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960's through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution. In DIT, culture is defined as information and/or behavior acquired through social learning. One of the theory's central claims is that culture evolves partly through a Darwinian selection process, which dual inheritance theorists often describe by analogy to genetic evolution.'Culture', in this context is defined as 'socially learned behavior', and 'social learning' is defined as copying behaviors observed in others or acquiring behaviors through being taught by others. Most of the modeling done in the field relies on the first dynamic (copying) though it can be extended to teaching. Social learning at its simplest involves blind copying of behaviors from a model (someone observed behaving), though it is also understood to have many potential biases, including success bias (copying from those who are perceived to be better off), status bias (copying from those with higher status), homophily (copying from those most like ourselves), conformist bias (disproportionately picking up behaviors that more people are performing), etc.. Understanding social learning is a system of pattern replication, and understanding that there are different rates of survival for different socially learned cultural variants, this sets up, by definition, an evolutionary structure: Cultural Evolution.Because genetic evolution is relatively well understood, most of DIT examines cultural evolution and the interactions between cultural evolution and genetic evolution.
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