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evolution - Santa Fe Institute
evolution - Santa Fe Institute

... also be due to differences in the strength of selection on these traits (leading to enhanced buffering for traits under stronger selection). Moreover, variation in the number of genes encoding the various traits could cause a similar correlation (cf. section Comparative Approach: Genetic Robustness, ...
Two concepts of natural selection and their explanatory powers
Two concepts of natural selection and their explanatory powers

Is Drift a Serious Alternative to Natural Selection
Is Drift a Serious Alternative to Natural Selection

... Thus, our two hypotheses are pure drift (PD) and selection plus drift (SPD). Were the alternative traits identical in fitness or were there fitness differences among them (and hence natural selection)? I will understand the idea of drift in a way that is somewhat nonstandard. The usual formulation i ...
Blood of My Blood - The George Washington University
Blood of My Blood - The George Washington University

... difficulty in defining tourism and how new developments in the tourist industry provide a frame through which to view other cultural processes and changes. Stronza advocates for anthropologists to view both players in tourist interactions during each stage as previous studies have taken a largely on ...
ADAPTATION AND MALADAPTATION IN SELFING AND
ADAPTATION AND MALADAPTATION IN SELFING AND

... for recessive (resp. dominant) alleles (Caballero and Hill 1992; Charlesworth 1992; Pollak and Sabran 1992). However, Ne is expected to be reduced beyond the twofold automatic effects (1) by genetic hitchhiking effects (Maynard-Smith and Haigh 1974; Charlesworth et al. 1993a), because effective reco ...
What role does natural selection play in speciation?
What role does natural selection play in speciation?

... by selection would have lower fitness, on average, and that the average hybrid fitness would decrease with divergence. It is remarkable that, in fact, organisms that offer by thousands of amino acid substitutions often freely hybridize, and that even where they do not, relatively few incompatibiliti ...
astrologer gordon psychic rochelle
astrologer gordon psychic rochelle

... Cégbejegyzés: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag ...
Methods for detecting positive selection and examples among fungi
Methods for detecting positive selection and examples among fungi

... resulted in a subset of recommended models: M0, M1a, M2a, M3, M7 and M8. These models form pairs (e.g., M1a vs M2a and M7 vs M8) that use particular statistical distributions of v and can be compared by means of a LRT. LRTs evaluate if a model assuming positive selection fits the data better than a n ...
The geography of introgression in a patchy environment and the
The geography of introgression in a patchy environment and the

... at neutral loci unlinked to any selected locus rather depends on geographic connectivity at a large scale (e.g. IsolationBy-Distance or IBD), although these loci often display GEA at a small scale. This discrepancy has been repeatedly taken as evidence for parallel primary divergence driven by local ...
The geography of introgression in a patchy
The geography of introgression in a patchy

... at neutral loci unlinked to any selected locus rather depends on geographic connectivity at a large scale (e.g. IsolationBy-Distance or IBD), although these loci often display GEA at a small scale. This discrepancy has been repeatedly taken as evidence for parallel primary divergence driven by local ...
A Clarification of Terms: Canadian Multiculturalism
A Clarification of Terms: Canadian Multiculturalism

... multiculturalism as a fundamental aspect of Canada (Article 3). Central to multiculturalism is the idea that Canadians regardless of race, ethnicity, language or religion are all equal. Multiculturalism therefore guarantees equality before the law (Multiculturalism Act (MA), 1988, Preamble and Artic ...
If there is nothing beyond the organic…
If there is nothing beyond the organic…

... the humanities, today often framed as the ‘two cultures’ of science, with reference to Charles P. Snow (1969). Kroeber tried to accomplish his boundary work by focussing on a concept of culture that not only saved man from being just another animal but provided cultural anthropology with a distinct ...
Practice Test UNIT 3 LT1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that
Practice Test UNIT 3 LT1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that

... ____ 19. Evolution comes about only through the process of natural selection. ____ 20. Houseflies would probably adapt to an environmental change much quicker than a human. ____ 21. Survival of the fittest refers to those individuals that leave the most offspring. ____ 22. Evolution by natural selec ...
The Integrated Phenotype
The Integrated Phenotype

... Modularity describes the relative independence of complex traits. The interactions among characters may change through development and across environments (Murren 2002). Formalization of the concept of phenotypic integration began more than half a century ago, inspired by research dating back to des ...
Cosmopolitanism and Pancultural Universals: Our Common
Cosmopolitanism and Pancultural Universals: Our Common

... through power, pressure, and manipulation. Presently, many Western ideas and practices have been adopted, transformed, altered, and modified within many societies through “glocalization,” as local regions adopt global culture. This process is sometimes viewed as “negotiated universals.” These negoti ...
julian huxley: developmental genetics and the theory of evolution
julian huxley: developmental genetics and the theory of evolution

Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms
Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms

... fitness in response to variation in environmental conditions should be favored by natural selection (Horton and Rowsemitt 1992). Selective pressures are often variable over time and space, resulting in individual phenotypes and genotypes that are favored or disfavored variably depending upon the sea ...
Classification of Hypotheses on the Advantage of Amphimixis
Classification of Hypotheses on the Advantage of Amphimixis

... standard mates may be beneficial. This can probably be true if variability is caused by severely deleterious mutations with low frequencies, so that most individuals do not carry them, and if "standard" means "best." If, however, we consider slightly deleterious mutations, the population distributio ...
Kin selection is the key to altruism Kevin R. Foster
Kin selection is the key to altruism Kevin R. Foster

... frequently contain colony-level effects [3,9,11] just as traitgroup selection models often contain relatedness in the form of between-group genetic variance [3,12,14]. Can altruism ever evolve without relatedness? Inclusive fitness theory does not predict that altruism can evolve without relatedness ...
What We Have Also Learned: Adaptive Speciation is
What We Have Also Learned: Adaptive Speciation is

The Homeopathy of Kin Selection
The Homeopathy of Kin Selection

... genetically related to each other than they are to out-group members. Though kin and ethnic terms do not denote biological kinship, they are correlated with it. Common ethnic descent is a belief, but to be effective it must coincide with biological descent to a large degree.2 Ethnic sentiments are n ...
The Inheritance of Penicillin Titre in Crosses between
The Inheritance of Penicillin Titre in Crosses between

... heterokaryon compatibility (h-c) groups (Merrick, I 975), since these groups are genetically diverse (Jinks et al. 1966;Merrick & Caten, 1975a).Each of the initial isolates presumably carried different genes and/or alleles affecting penicillin titre, leading to the establishment of different high-ti ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... effects on itself, however, Sporobolus must move constantly into new areas, which also means that it has to be less inhibitory to itself than to the surrounding vegetation. Again we see evidence for feedback from plant niche construction. The above examples all illustrate that niche construction can ...
Bridging differences in concepts of selection between farmers
Bridging differences in concepts of selection between farmers

... analogy between artificial selection by breeders of his clay and "natural selection." For Darwin, selection included what biologistscame to see as being composed of (1) phenotypic selection of individuals based on phenotypic differences, and, when these are based on heritable genotypic differences, ...
What controls the type of larval development? Summary statement
What controls the type of larval development? Summary statement

... transition to a non-feeding larva or no larval stage results in large clades lacking a feeding larval stage and therefore lacking routine long distance dispersal (Strathmann, 1978a; 1978b). 6. More recently acquired larval feeding mechanisms (or at least those of more limited taxonomic distribution) ...
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Dual inheritance theory

Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960's through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution. In DIT, culture is defined as information and/or behavior acquired through social learning. One of the theory's central claims is that culture evolves partly through a Darwinian selection process, which dual inheritance theorists often describe by analogy to genetic evolution.'Culture', in this context is defined as 'socially learned behavior', and 'social learning' is defined as copying behaviors observed in others or acquiring behaviors through being taught by others. Most of the modeling done in the field relies on the first dynamic (copying) though it can be extended to teaching. Social learning at its simplest involves blind copying of behaviors from a model (someone observed behaving), though it is also understood to have many potential biases, including success bias (copying from those who are perceived to be better off), status bias (copying from those with higher status), homophily (copying from those most like ourselves), conformist bias (disproportionately picking up behaviors that more people are performing), etc.. Understanding social learning is a system of pattern replication, and understanding that there are different rates of survival for different socially learned cultural variants, this sets up, by definition, an evolutionary structure: Cultural Evolution.Because genetic evolution is relatively well understood, most of DIT examines cultural evolution and the interactions between cultural evolution and genetic evolution.
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