Quantitative Genetics The genetic basis of many traits is only poorly
... the exact same value of G. If a parent reproduces sexually, however, only one allele at each locus will be passed on to the offspring. The next step is to measure the average effect on the phenotype of this one allele: Average effect of an allele: The mean phenotype of individuals which received tha ...
... the exact same value of G. If a parent reproduces sexually, however, only one allele at each locus will be passed on to the offspring. The next step is to measure the average effect on the phenotype of this one allele: Average effect of an allele: The mean phenotype of individuals which received tha ...
Application of kin theory to long-standing problem in nematode
... may contribute to attenuation of virulence during serial propagation in the laboratory. The evolutionary dynamics of cheater frequency in a population have been explored in many contexts as part of kin selection theory. Cheaters can increase in a population by outcompeting cooperators in a host if o ...
... may contribute to attenuation of virulence during serial propagation in the laboratory. The evolutionary dynamics of cheater frequency in a population have been explored in many contexts as part of kin selection theory. Cheaters can increase in a population by outcompeting cooperators in a host if o ...
Excess of Deleterious Mutations around HLA
... the population is critically important for evolutionary models of complex traits including common human diseases. Persistence of common diseases is paradoxical from the evolutionary standpoint, and the stable existence of deleterious variation in spite of the action of purifying selection requires a ...
... the population is critically important for evolutionary models of complex traits including common human diseases. Persistence of common diseases is paradoxical from the evolutionary standpoint, and the stable existence of deleterious variation in spite of the action of purifying selection requires a ...
handout
... to increase in the next generation. However, genetic drift is still a random and unbiased force that can both help and hinder selection. Because of genetic drift, the frequency pt may • increase even more than expected, or • actually decrease in a generation. We handled selection previously by takin ...
... to increase in the next generation. However, genetic drift is still a random and unbiased force that can both help and hinder selection. Because of genetic drift, the frequency pt may • increase even more than expected, or • actually decrease in a generation. We handled selection previously by takin ...
BIO212lec04APR2012
... • Consider, for example, the great tit (Parus major) on the Dutch island of Vlieland – Mating causes gene flow between the central and eastern populations – Immigration from the mainland introduces alleles that decrease fitness – Natural selection selects for alleles that increase fitness – Bir ...
... • Consider, for example, the great tit (Parus major) on the Dutch island of Vlieland – Mating causes gene flow between the central and eastern populations – Immigration from the mainland introduces alleles that decrease fitness – Natural selection selects for alleles that increase fitness – Bir ...
controversy and its implications Genetic hitchhiking versus
... found in organisms other than Drosophila (for instance, in humans (Nachman et al. 1998; Hellmann et al. 2003) and several plant species such as wild tomatoes (Stephan & Langley 1998; Roselius et al. 2005)), it has provoked extensive modelling and analysis efforts. The development of methods for dist ...
... found in organisms other than Drosophila (for instance, in humans (Nachman et al. 1998; Hellmann et al. 2003) and several plant species such as wild tomatoes (Stephan & Langley 1998; Roselius et al. 2005)), it has provoked extensive modelling and analysis efforts. The development of methods for dist ...
Artificial selection shifts flowering phenology and other correlated
... of the shared genetic basis of traits is important because while greater additive genetic variation and heritability enhance the potential for evolutionary response, genetic correlations may either facilitate or hinder evolutionary change depending upon whether correlated responses also increase fit ...
... of the shared genetic basis of traits is important because while greater additive genetic variation and heritability enhance the potential for evolutionary response, genetic correlations may either facilitate or hinder evolutionary change depending upon whether correlated responses also increase fit ...
handouts
... 95% of 4 is 4 gene convergence: 4 individuals must have same value for a gene location population convergence: 5 gene locations must be converged Example converged populations: Example 1: Example 2: Example 3: ...
... 95% of 4 is 4 gene convergence: 4 individuals must have same value for a gene location population convergence: 5 gene locations must be converged Example converged populations: Example 1: Example 2: Example 3: ...
Where is the Progress?
... (or decrease) in a given quantity is a result of an explicit mechanism of directionality, from those where it is merely an implicit, directionless, random mechanism that only with the existence of a “wall” on a distribution can average out to the observed increase (or decrease). It is indeed a most ...
... (or decrease) in a given quantity is a result of an explicit mechanism of directionality, from those where it is merely an implicit, directionless, random mechanism that only with the existence of a “wall” on a distribution can average out to the observed increase (or decrease). It is indeed a most ...
Does Mother Nature Punish Rotten Kids?
... The first lamb’s own survival probability is an increasing function of x. The earlier she weans, the stronger the ewe will be when she bears her second lamb, so the second lamb’s survival probability is a decreasing function of x. ...
... The first lamb’s own survival probability is an increasing function of x. The earlier she weans, the stronger the ewe will be when she bears her second lamb, so the second lamb’s survival probability is a decreasing function of x. ...
c .0`````` (,:of`1 - Indiana University Bloomington
... a gamete that are measured by as. The quantity as also has a well-defined meaning in terms of classical quantitative genetics: it ii? the average excess of the S aUBle. This definition emphasizes the fact that fitness is a phenotype and not some special entity that must be treated as qualitatively d ...
... a gamete that are measured by as. The quantity as also has a well-defined meaning in terms of classical quantitative genetics: it ii? the average excess of the S aUBle. This definition emphasizes the fact that fitness is a phenotype and not some special entity that must be treated as qualitatively d ...
Phenotypic Variance
... which a characteristic is genetically determined An individual does not have heritability There is no universal heritability for a characteristic Even when heritability is high, environmental factors may influence a characteristic Heritabilities indicate nothing about the nature of population differ ...
... which a characteristic is genetically determined An individual does not have heritability There is no universal heritability for a characteristic Even when heritability is high, environmental factors may influence a characteristic Heritabilities indicate nothing about the nature of population differ ...
Predictions of Patterns of Response to Artificial Selection
... and Mbaga 1998). The conclusion is that artificial selection is likely to overwhelm natural selection against mutations due to their deleterious effects, and large and sustained response is possible despite the associated loss of fitness from the fixation of deleterious mutations (Barton 1990; Hill ...
... and Mbaga 1998). The conclusion is that artificial selection is likely to overwhelm natural selection against mutations due to their deleterious effects, and large and sustained response is possible despite the associated loss of fitness from the fixation of deleterious mutations (Barton 1990; Hill ...
High-order chromatin architecture determines the
... (Uniform), derived from experimentally determined chromatin contact probabilities (HiC) or derived from contact probability in a fractal globular chromatin architecture (FG). We also consider models that account for fixation of the produced alterations due to selection (see Eq. 1). As non-recurrent ...
... (Uniform), derived from experimentally determined chromatin contact probabilities (HiC) or derived from contact probability in a fractal globular chromatin architecture (FG). We also consider models that account for fixation of the produced alterations due to selection (see Eq. 1). As non-recurrent ...
Selection Does Not Operate Primarily on Genes Richard M. Burian
... The entities subject to selection must go through iterated generations and their properties (traits) must vary from individual to individual. When a biased sample of available variants survives over a series of generations, selection may be occurring. Effective trans-generational selection requires ...
... The entities subject to selection must go through iterated generations and their properties (traits) must vary from individual to individual. When a biased sample of available variants survives over a series of generations, selection may be occurring. Effective trans-generational selection requires ...
Genetic Algorithms
... Basic genetic algorithms Step 1: Represent the problem variable domain as a chromosome of a fixed length, choose the size of a chromosome population N, the crossover probability pc and the mutation probability pm. Step 2: Define a fitness function to measure the performance, or fitness, of an indiv ...
... Basic genetic algorithms Step 1: Represent the problem variable domain as a chromosome of a fixed length, choose the size of a chromosome population N, the crossover probability pc and the mutation probability pm. Step 2: Define a fitness function to measure the performance, or fitness, of an indiv ...
Document
... • Three modes of selection: – Directional selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range – Disruptive selection favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range – Stabilizing selection favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes ...
... • Three modes of selection: – Directional selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range – Disruptive selection favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range – Stabilizing selection favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes ...
Evolution Reading
... offspring that survive to reproduce becauseof their inherited differences. A dog that is resistant to disease will probably pass that on to its pups, and so have more pups that survive to reproduce than another dog. A wild horse that can run faster will probably have more foals than one that runs sl ...
... offspring that survive to reproduce becauseof their inherited differences. A dog that is resistant to disease will probably pass that on to its pups, and so have more pups that survive to reproduce than another dog. A wild horse that can run faster will probably have more foals than one that runs sl ...
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION IN LABORATORY ENVIRONMENTS
... including acute selection for performance at extreme temperatures and laboratory natural selection of populations maintained continuously at moderately high or low temperatures. Despite the different methodologies, selection experiments highlight the ample genetic variation for thermal resistance. D ...
... including acute selection for performance at extreme temperatures and laboratory natural selection of populations maintained continuously at moderately high or low temperatures. Despite the different methodologies, selection experiments highlight the ample genetic variation for thermal resistance. D ...
Introduction to Evolutionary Computation 2
... Role of representation: defines objects that can be manipulated by (genetic) operators Note back on Darwinism: no mutations on phenotypic level! (right term: small random variations) A.E. Eiben, Introduction to EC II ...
... Role of representation: defines objects that can be manipulated by (genetic) operators Note back on Darwinism: no mutations on phenotypic level! (right term: small random variations) A.E. Eiben, Introduction to EC II ...
The Evolution of Populations
... • Evolution by natural selection involves both change and “sorting” – New genetic variations arise by chance – Beneficial alleles are “sorted” and favored by natural selection ...
... • Evolution by natural selection involves both change and “sorting” – New genetic variations arise by chance – Beneficial alleles are “sorted” and favored by natural selection ...
Article The Effect of Selection Environment on the
... A second step involves making more quantitative predictions about the factors governing the probability of parallel evolution. Genetic models of adaptation like Fisher’s geometric model (Fisher 1930) and Gillespie’s mutational landscape model (Gillespie 1983, 1991) can be used to make such predictio ...
... A second step involves making more quantitative predictions about the factors governing the probability of parallel evolution. Genetic models of adaptation like Fisher’s geometric model (Fisher 1930) and Gillespie’s mutational landscape model (Gillespie 1983, 1991) can be used to make such predictio ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.