Chapter 16: Population and Speciation
... • List five conditions under which evolution may take place. • Explain how migration can affect the genetics of populations. • Explain how genetic drift can affect populations of different sizes. ...
... • List five conditions under which evolution may take place. • Explain how migration can affect the genetics of populations. • Explain how genetic drift can affect populations of different sizes. ...
Signatures of Selection in the Human Olfactory Receptor OR5I1 Gene
... Additional evidence for selection includes departures from neutrality in allele frequency spectra tests but no unusually extended haplotype structure. Moreover, molecular structural inference suggests that one of the nonsynonymous polymorphisms defining the presumably adaptive protein form of OR5I1 ...
... Additional evidence for selection includes departures from neutrality in allele frequency spectra tests but no unusually extended haplotype structure. Moreover, molecular structural inference suggests that one of the nonsynonymous polymorphisms defining the presumably adaptive protein form of OR5I1 ...
Evolution without Selection
... So what is the value of this null model with entirely unrealistic assumptions? 1) We can quantify what will happen if there is selection on an allele 2) Likewise if there are mutations 3) etc. ...
... So what is the value of this null model with entirely unrealistic assumptions? 1) We can quantify what will happen if there is selection on an allele 2) Likewise if there are mutations 3) etc. ...
Hardy-Weinberg equation
... gametes to fuse during fertilization. If there was no sampling error than you would expect 100 of these gametes would have an A allele and 100 of these gametes would have an a allele. Without sampling error, p and q would remain at 0.5. • However, because of sampling error, the chances that the 200 ...
... gametes to fuse during fertilization. If there was no sampling error than you would expect 100 of these gametes would have an A allele and 100 of these gametes would have an a allele. Without sampling error, p and q would remain at 0.5. • However, because of sampling error, the chances that the 200 ...
Mutability: key to the nature and origin of life
... • Linked monophosphate nucleosides discovered they could replicate. ...
... • Linked monophosphate nucleosides discovered they could replicate. ...
Kreitman review on positive selection
... rate of nucleotide substitution, which can in some cases be estimated by comparing noncoding or synonymous differences between two sequences, provides a benchmark that can only be exceeded when positive selection also contributes to the substitution process. The test statistic that is commonly used ...
... rate of nucleotide substitution, which can in some cases be estimated by comparing noncoding or synonymous differences between two sequences, provides a benchmark that can only be exceeded when positive selection also contributes to the substitution process. The test statistic that is commonly used ...
Natural selection and animal personality
... allow an informed evaluation of how behavioural traits might (co)evolve under different environmental conditions (Fisher, 1930; Endler, 1986). This paper has a three-fold aim. First, we aim to provide an overview of the available literature on the fitness consequences of personality traits in natura ...
... allow an informed evaluation of how behavioural traits might (co)evolve under different environmental conditions (Fisher, 1930; Endler, 1986). This paper has a three-fold aim. First, we aim to provide an overview of the available literature on the fitness consequences of personality traits in natura ...
Evolutionary Theory in the 1920s: The Nature of the “Synthesis”
... varying traits. The biometricians did not generally doubt that Mendelism could explain the inheritance patterns of discrete traits to some extent; however, as they correctly noted, “pure” Mendelism (that is, with complete dominance and no linkage) was applicable only in rare cases. They doubted that ...
... varying traits. The biometricians did not generally doubt that Mendelism could explain the inheritance patterns of discrete traits to some extent; however, as they correctly noted, “pure” Mendelism (that is, with complete dominance and no linkage) was applicable only in rare cases. They doubted that ...
Macroevolution: The Morphological Problem1
... out the whole grand development of the New the fossil record. For example there is his Synthetic theory, the macroevolutionary classic figure superimposing survivorship question remains as a constant undercur- curves of fossil pelecypod and carnivore rent. It persisted even after the mutationism gen ...
... out the whole grand development of the New the fossil record. For example there is his Synthetic theory, the macroevolutionary classic figure superimposing survivorship question remains as a constant undercur- curves of fossil pelecypod and carnivore rent. It persisted even after the mutationism gen ...
Can Human Aging Be Postponed?
... one codes for apolipoprotein E (a protein involved in cholesterol transport), the other for angiotensin-converting enzyme (involved in blood pressure regulation). In each case, particular alleles, or variants, of the genes have been found to be more common in the centenarians than in younger adults. ...
... one codes for apolipoprotein E (a protein involved in cholesterol transport), the other for angiotensin-converting enzyme (involved in blood pressure regulation). In each case, particular alleles, or variants, of the genes have been found to be more common in the centenarians than in younger adults. ...
The Limits of Natural Selection in a
... populations are rarely at equilibrium. Many taxa that have been studied to test specific predictions of natural selection's limits have experienced a recent bottleneck (e.g., out-of-African human populations, domesticated plants and animals, plants that recently evolved a propensity to self-pollinate ...
... populations are rarely at equilibrium. Many taxa that have been studied to test specific predictions of natural selection's limits have experienced a recent bottleneck (e.g., out-of-African human populations, domesticated plants and animals, plants that recently evolved a propensity to self-pollinate ...
The Evolution of Populations
... One misconception is that organisms evolve, in the Darwinian sense, during their lifetimes ...
... One misconception is that organisms evolve, in the Darwinian sense, during their lifetimes ...
Feature Selection
... Of course other forms of search can be used; most notably: Exhaustive search Genetic Algorithms Branch-and-Bound (e.g., cost=# of features, goal is to reach performance th or better) ...
... Of course other forms of search can be used; most notably: Exhaustive search Genetic Algorithms Branch-and-Bound (e.g., cost=# of features, goal is to reach performance th or better) ...
Handbook of Evolutionary Computation: May 97
... In addition to these three mainstream methods, which are described in detail in the following sections, genetic programming, classifier systems, and hybridizations of evolutionary algorithms with other techniques are considered in this chapter. As an introductory remark, we only mention that genetic ...
... In addition to these three mainstream methods, which are described in detail in the following sections, genetic programming, classifier systems, and hybridizations of evolutionary algorithms with other techniques are considered in this chapter. As an introductory remark, we only mention that genetic ...
Genetics, Paleontology, and Macroevolution - Assets
... It is not useful to distinguish sharply between microevolution and macroevolution, as I will show in this volume. The taxonomic rank marking any dichotomy between microevolution and macroevolution would depend on the kind of transition being studied. Our impression of “major” degrees of evolutionary ...
... It is not useful to distinguish sharply between microevolution and macroevolution, as I will show in this volume. The taxonomic rank marking any dichotomy between microevolution and macroevolution would depend on the kind of transition being studied. Our impression of “major” degrees of evolutionary ...
Fitness - Zoology, UBC - University of British Columbia
... fitness of an individual determines how many individuals there will be in the following generations. Since alleles tend to increase or decrease in frequency relative to the frequency of other alleles, knowledge of relative fitness (Table 1) is often sufficient to predict evolutionary change. That is, th ...
... fitness of an individual determines how many individuals there will be in the following generations. Since alleles tend to increase or decrease in frequency relative to the frequency of other alleles, knowledge of relative fitness (Table 1) is often sufficient to predict evolutionary change. That is, th ...
Evolutionary Genetics
... After 10,000 generations, p=0.0099 After 100,000 generations, p=0.0906 After 1,000,000 generations, p=0.4323 This occurs over such a long time frame that other forces such as selection (even very weak selection) or sampling error in finite populations are likely to overwhelm evolution of the s ...
... After 10,000 generations, p=0.0099 After 100,000 generations, p=0.0906 After 1,000,000 generations, p=0.4323 This occurs over such a long time frame that other forces such as selection (even very weak selection) or sampling error in finite populations are likely to overwhelm evolution of the s ...
Darwin`s Postulates
... Darwin’s Four Postulates • Evolution is a logical outcome of four postulates… – populations have natural variation – the organism’s features are heritable – more offspring are produced than can survive – some individuals produce more offspring because of the environment ...
... Darwin’s Four Postulates • Evolution is a logical outcome of four postulates… – populations have natural variation – the organism’s features are heritable – more offspring are produced than can survive – some individuals produce more offspring because of the environment ...
Lesson Overview
... genetics. • Which phenotype will be more often expressed in a population? • For example why might the black coat show up more in a population than the brown? ...
... genetics. • Which phenotype will be more often expressed in a population? • For example why might the black coat show up more in a population than the brown? ...
Chapter 10
... Neutral alleles are not subject to natural selection because they do not affect or have very little effect on fitness. “The neutral theory of molecular evolution is that most evolutionary change at the molecular level is driven by random drift rather than natural selection. The neutral theory does n ...
... Neutral alleles are not subject to natural selection because they do not affect or have very little effect on fitness. “The neutral theory of molecular evolution is that most evolutionary change at the molecular level is driven by random drift rather than natural selection. The neutral theory does n ...
What is an EA
... These individuals act as seeds for the generation of new individuals through recombination and mutation The new individuals have their fitness evaluated and compete (possibly also with parents) for survival. Over time Natural selection causes a rise in the fitness of the population ...
... These individuals act as seeds for the generation of new individuals through recombination and mutation The new individuals have their fitness evaluated and compete (possibly also with parents) for survival. Over time Natural selection causes a rise in the fitness of the population ...
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
... These individuals act as seeds for the generation of new individuals through recombination and mutation The new individuals have their fitness evaluated and compete (possibly also with parents) for survival. Over time Natural selection causes a rise in the fitness of the population ...
... These individuals act as seeds for the generation of new individuals through recombination and mutation The new individuals have their fitness evaluated and compete (possibly also with parents) for survival. Over time Natural selection causes a rise in the fitness of the population ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.