Reprint
... females who mate with manipulative males cannot be compensated for through the production of sexy, manipulative sons alone. Importantly, much of what is said is already in the sexual selection literature, but we feel that it has not garnered adequate emphasis in recent research on indirect selection ...
... females who mate with manipulative males cannot be compensated for through the production of sexy, manipulative sons alone. Importantly, much of what is said is already in the sexual selection literature, but we feel that it has not garnered adequate emphasis in recent research on indirect selection ...
lecture 9 notes
... • This approximation assumes that every mutation is to a new allele. It is quite accurate in practice even when that’s not true, as long as there are a decent number of different alleles possible. ...
... • This approximation assumes that every mutation is to a new allele. It is quite accurate in practice even when that’s not true, as long as there are a decent number of different alleles possible. ...
Variation - thephysicsteacher.ie
... Evolution is the formation of new species of living organisms as a result of a series of changes in existing organisms over a long period of time. All the evidence for evolution is circumstantial i.e. it appears to fit the facts of evolution if evolution is true. Evolution can never be proved. Mecha ...
... Evolution is the formation of new species of living organisms as a result of a series of changes in existing organisms over a long period of time. All the evidence for evolution is circumstantial i.e. it appears to fit the facts of evolution if evolution is true. Evolution can never be proved. Mecha ...
mutation as a source of variation
... accumulation of advantageous mutations with individually small effects on the fitness of their carriers. Another view proposed by the so-called catastrophists (e.g. Goldschmidt, 1940’s) - claimed that new species may suddenly arise through one or a few mutations of large effect (‘macromutations’ or ...
... accumulation of advantageous mutations with individually small effects on the fitness of their carriers. Another view proposed by the so-called catastrophists (e.g. Goldschmidt, 1940’s) - claimed that new species may suddenly arise through one or a few mutations of large effect (‘macromutations’ or ...
NB Honors_Pop & Speciation
... equilibrium from generation to generation: - Must be random mating - Population must be very large - No movement into/out of population - No mutations - No natural selection ...
... equilibrium from generation to generation: - Must be random mating - Population must be very large - No movement into/out of population - No mutations - No natural selection ...
Exam 3
... existing variation without regard for long-term consequences b. Evolution by natural selection is a powerful process that creates new useful traits when organisms need them for survival. c. Evolution is a random process of change d. Evolution makes the fittest individuals survive e. Evolution create ...
... existing variation without regard for long-term consequences b. Evolution by natural selection is a powerful process that creates new useful traits when organisms need them for survival. c. Evolution is a random process of change d. Evolution makes the fittest individuals survive e. Evolution create ...
Population Genetics
... developing abstract mathematical models of gene frequency dynamics, trying to extract conclusions from those models about the likely patterns of genetic variation in actual populations, and testing the conclusions against empirical data. Population genetics is intimately bound up with the study of e ...
... developing abstract mathematical models of gene frequency dynamics, trying to extract conclusions from those models about the likely patterns of genetic variation in actual populations, and testing the conclusions against empirical data. Population genetics is intimately bound up with the study of e ...
Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of
... been a variable on the responses of the participants. Hypothetical situations only measure what the participant thinks they would do, not what actually did happen like the low cost and medium cost conditions. Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal ...
... been a variable on the responses of the participants. Hypothetical situations only measure what the participant thinks they would do, not what actually did happen like the low cost and medium cost conditions. Williams, S.S. (2007). Altruism of kin vs. non kin: Effects of costs of help and reciprocal ...
Mechanisms of Evolution 1. In their first attempts to genetically
... from the original population can be lost or over-represented by the new population, depending on the alleles present in the founding members. 12. Natural selection is a process by which organisms with traits well suited to an environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than organisms less su ...
... from the original population can be lost or over-represented by the new population, depending on the alleles present in the founding members. 12. Natural selection is a process by which organisms with traits well suited to an environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than organisms less su ...
4. Populationsgenetik
... and conservation biology. It also has important interfaces with molecular biology, systematics, natural history, mathematics, statistics, and computing. One of the main subjects is the investigation of the mechanisms that generate and maintain genetic variability in populations, and the study of how ...
... and conservation biology. It also has important interfaces with molecular biology, systematics, natural history, mathematics, statistics, and computing. One of the main subjects is the investigation of the mechanisms that generate and maintain genetic variability in populations, and the study of how ...
1 The Empirical Non-Equivalence of Genic and Genotypic Models of
... selection and drift are becoming increasingly sophisticated. The point is that what might seem to be an unanswerable quibble between the genic and genotypic selectionists—namely, whether or not selection is occurring at equilibrium—is in fact a substantive issue that makes for big differences in evo ...
... selection and drift are becoming increasingly sophisticated. The point is that what might seem to be an unanswerable quibble between the genic and genotypic selectionists—namely, whether or not selection is occurring at equilibrium—is in fact a substantive issue that makes for big differences in evo ...
Genetic assimilation can occur in the absence of selection for the
... Initialization of experiment An outline of the experiment in evolutionary time is shown in Fig. 3. An initial vector S(0) was generated randomly, with equal probabilities that S(0)i ¼ 1 or 0. The same initial vector was used for all individuals throughout evolution. Evolution was initiated with 500 ...
... Initialization of experiment An outline of the experiment in evolutionary time is shown in Fig. 3. An initial vector S(0) was generated randomly, with equal probabilities that S(0)i ¼ 1 or 0. The same initial vector was used for all individuals throughout evolution. Evolution was initiated with 500 ...
On the explanatory roles of natural selection
... Selection can explain why a trait originates, if it makes that trait more likely to emerge. My supporting argument will use a distinction between traits affected by multiple factors and traits affected by a single factor. In idealized contexts these factors are usually equated with genes. But since ...
... Selection can explain why a trait originates, if it makes that trait more likely to emerge. My supporting argument will use a distinction between traits affected by multiple factors and traits affected by a single factor. In idealized contexts these factors are usually equated with genes. But since ...
3.1 Patterns of Natural Selection
... of Neospiza inches, whose ancestors had blown there from S. America, 3000km distance. • One small-billed seed generalist and one large-billed seed specialist had evolved independently on each island. Generalists eat a variety of seeds of different plant species. Specialists feed upon seeds of ju ...
... of Neospiza inches, whose ancestors had blown there from S. America, 3000km distance. • One small-billed seed generalist and one large-billed seed specialist had evolved independently on each island. Generalists eat a variety of seeds of different plant species. Specialists feed upon seeds of ju ...
Hardy Weinberg topic
... alleles that were rare in the original ▲ Figure 3 Diagram illustrating how small samples from a population can lead to populations with very different, and reduced, gene pools population will be much higher in the new, smaller population and so they will have a much bigger impact during natural sele ...
... alleles that were rare in the original ▲ Figure 3 Diagram illustrating how small samples from a population can lead to populations with very different, and reduced, gene pools population will be much higher in the new, smaller population and so they will have a much bigger impact during natural sele ...
studies handedness, sexual selection and niche
... blood groups (Balter 2005; Wang et al. 2006). There is also evidence that genes have been selected because they confer resistance to other modern diseases, including AIDS and smallpox (CCR5) and hypertension (AGT, CYP3A; Balter 2005). In all these cases, human modifications of the environment trigge ...
... blood groups (Balter 2005; Wang et al. 2006). There is also evidence that genes have been selected because they confer resistance to other modern diseases, including AIDS and smallpox (CCR5) and hypertension (AGT, CYP3A; Balter 2005). In all these cases, human modifications of the environment trigge ...
Tree Breeding Tool Glossary
... The genetic variation present in a population or species. May be given more specific meanings or be assigned quantitative values in somewhat different ways, the most obvious one is "expected heterozygosity", cf gene diversity. Genetic drift Changes in gene frequency in small populations due to rando ...
... The genetic variation present in a population or species. May be given more specific meanings or be assigned quantitative values in somewhat different ways, the most obvious one is "expected heterozygosity", cf gene diversity. Genetic drift Changes in gene frequency in small populations due to rando ...
Animal Breeding/Genetics For
... The missing protein or the new protein may cause a defect or a new genetic trait to appear. Differences we can see or measure between individuals are due to an accumulation of different mutations (old or new) within populations. These mutations are responsible for differences in coat color, size, sh ...
... The missing protein or the new protein may cause a defect or a new genetic trait to appear. Differences we can see or measure between individuals are due to an accumulation of different mutations (old or new) within populations. These mutations are responsible for differences in coat color, size, sh ...
Inbreeding and outbreeding
... successive generations. More organisms are produced than can survive = competition for resources Structural, physiological and behavioural features = increase fitness Fitter individuals contribute more alleles to the gene pool = alleles increase in frequency. Unsuccessful phenotypes decrease – ...
... successive generations. More organisms are produced than can survive = competition for resources Structural, physiological and behavioural features = increase fitness Fitter individuals contribute more alleles to the gene pool = alleles increase in frequency. Unsuccessful phenotypes decrease – ...
chapter 23 - Biology Junction
... are rich in toxic heavy metals. While many bent grass seeds land on the mine tailings each year, the only plants that germinate, grow, and reproduce are those that possess genes enabling them to tolerate metallic soils. These plants tend to produce metal-tolerant offspring. Individual plants d ...
... are rich in toxic heavy metals. While many bent grass seeds land on the mine tailings each year, the only plants that germinate, grow, and reproduce are those that possess genes enabling them to tolerate metallic soils. These plants tend to produce metal-tolerant offspring. Individual plants d ...
Genetic Change - WordPress.com
... • Darwin proposed the theory of Natural Selection more than 150 years ago. It remains the best explanation of adaptive evolution. • Populations typically produce more offspring than the environment resources can maintain; therefore there is competition for survival. • Individuals with the best adap ...
... • Darwin proposed the theory of Natural Selection more than 150 years ago. It remains the best explanation of adaptive evolution. • Populations typically produce more offspring than the environment resources can maintain; therefore there is competition for survival. • Individuals with the best adap ...
Genomic Selection–A Paradigm Shift in Animal Breeding
... measured in a large number of animals • Genetic progress is slow, and a high selection pressure on key production traits may have a deleterious effect on other important traits that are not readily scored ...
... measured in a large number of animals • Genetic progress is slow, and a high selection pressure on key production traits may have a deleterious effect on other important traits that are not readily scored ...
notes
... departures from Fisher-Wright expectations at a single locus may be nothing to do with deviation from neutrality, and simply the result of deviation from the randomly-mating model. The deeper problem is that we want to test not the Fisher-Wright, standard neutral model, but the neutral theory of mol ...
... departures from Fisher-Wright expectations at a single locus may be nothing to do with deviation from neutrality, and simply the result of deviation from the randomly-mating model. The deeper problem is that we want to test not the Fisher-Wright, standard neutral model, but the neutral theory of mol ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.