Addition reactions
... Markovnikov’s rule (of regioselectivity): in the addition of HX across a double bond the H (the E+) adds to the C with the most hydrogens & the X (the Nu:) adds to the most substituted carbon. - Vladimir V. Markovnikov, Russian, 1870 Substrate is an alkene & acts as the Nu: ...
... Markovnikov’s rule (of regioselectivity): in the addition of HX across a double bond the H (the E+) adds to the C with the most hydrogens & the X (the Nu:) adds to the most substituted carbon. - Vladimir V. Markovnikov, Russian, 1870 Substrate is an alkene & acts as the Nu: ...
Organic Chemistry
... synthesis of chiral products from achiral starting materials and under achiral reaction conditions of necessity gives enantiomers as a racemic mixture. • Nature achieves the synthesis of single enantiomers by using enzymes, which create a chiral environment in which reaction takes place. • Enzymes s ...
... synthesis of chiral products from achiral starting materials and under achiral reaction conditions of necessity gives enantiomers as a racemic mixture. • Nature achieves the synthesis of single enantiomers by using enzymes, which create a chiral environment in which reaction takes place. • Enzymes s ...
Reactions of carboxymethylalginic acid with some N
... Most likely, at lower temperatures ammonium salts are formed, which hinders the acylation. At temperatures above 80°C, these salts partially or fully converted to the parent compounds, and the more heat appears, the more carboxyl groups that can react with a nucleophile is formed. Therefore, when th ...
... Most likely, at lower temperatures ammonium salts are formed, which hinders the acylation. At temperatures above 80°C, these salts partially or fully converted to the parent compounds, and the more heat appears, the more carboxyl groups that can react with a nucleophile is formed. Therefore, when th ...
Aldehydes and Ketones
... be a site that is attacked by nucleophiles. And, since the oxygen bears a partial negative charge, it is likely to be a site of electrophilic attack. Since ordinary carbanions (R: −) and hydride ions (H: −) are very poor leaving groups (unlike ...
... be a site that is attacked by nucleophiles. And, since the oxygen bears a partial negative charge, it is likely to be a site of electrophilic attack. Since ordinary carbanions (R: −) and hydride ions (H: −) are very poor leaving groups (unlike ...
Lesmahagow High School CfE Advanced Higher Chemistry Unit 2
... The more likely product of the reaction can be predicted by using Markovnikov’s rule. When water adds across an asymmetrical double bond the major product formed is the molecule in which hydrogen adds to the carbon atom in the double bond with the greater number of hydrogen atoms attached. The produ ...
... The more likely product of the reaction can be predicted by using Markovnikov’s rule. When water adds across an asymmetrical double bond the major product formed is the molecule in which hydrogen adds to the carbon atom in the double bond with the greater number of hydrogen atoms attached. The produ ...
Ch. 21- Organic Reactions and Biochemistry
... hexamethylenediamine- in a step-growth condensation reaction Didn’t realize that he had made nylonkilled self (depressed) ...
... hexamethylenediamine- in a step-growth condensation reaction Didn’t realize that he had made nylonkilled self (depressed) ...
ACP Chemistry Semester 1 Final Exam - Doc-U-Ment
... D) This reaction is nonspontaneous at all temperatures. E) This reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures. 41) Identify the statement that is FALSE. A) The entropy of a gas is greater than the entropy of a liquid. B) Entropy generally increases with increasing molecular complexity. C) Free atoms h ...
... D) This reaction is nonspontaneous at all temperatures. E) This reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures. 41) Identify the statement that is FALSE. A) The entropy of a gas is greater than the entropy of a liquid. B) Entropy generally increases with increasing molecular complexity. C) Free atoms h ...
lab 12 Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic acid
... Background: Multistep reactions are necessary to synthesize complex organic molecules. At this stage of your second semester organic chemistry lab course, you should be confident and adept at handling mu ...
... Background: Multistep reactions are necessary to synthesize complex organic molecules. At this stage of your second semester organic chemistry lab course, you should be confident and adept at handling mu ...
File
... If a double bond is present then the oil (and some fats) molecules ‘zigzag’ and the molecule chains become distorted and cannot fit into one another. Molecules which can pack closely together due to their regular structure have stronger London forces between the molecules and thus higher melting poi ...
... If a double bond is present then the oil (and some fats) molecules ‘zigzag’ and the molecule chains become distorted and cannot fit into one another. Molecules which can pack closely together due to their regular structure have stronger London forces between the molecules and thus higher melting poi ...
Chapter Seventeen
... ► Unsubstituted amides are named by replacing the -ic acid or -oic acid of the corresponding carboxylic acid name with -amide. ► If the N atom of the amide has alkyl substituents on it, the compound is named by first specifying the N-alkyl group and then identifying the amide name. ...
... ► Unsubstituted amides are named by replacing the -ic acid or -oic acid of the corresponding carboxylic acid name with -amide. ► If the N atom of the amide has alkyl substituents on it, the compound is named by first specifying the N-alkyl group and then identifying the amide name. ...
Exam 2
... worth studying. Also problems assigned for the text may also be helpful. Chap 9 &10-- Sn2, Sn1, E2 and E1 reactions. -Know the definitions of Sn2, Sn1, E2 and E1. -Be able to depict the reaction coordinate diagrams of each reaction -Be able to draw the mechanism, products and the stereochemical resu ...
... worth studying. Also problems assigned for the text may also be helpful. Chap 9 &10-- Sn2, Sn1, E2 and E1 reactions. -Know the definitions of Sn2, Sn1, E2 and E1. -Be able to depict the reaction coordinate diagrams of each reaction -Be able to draw the mechanism, products and the stereochemical resu ...
halogen compounds organic chemistry
... 2. Sandmeyer's reaction: This reaction consists of treating freshly prepared diazonium salt solution with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide dissolved in corresponding halogen acids. Chloro and bromoarenes are formed. Diazonium salts required for this purpose are prepared by treating ice-cold solut ...
... 2. Sandmeyer's reaction: This reaction consists of treating freshly prepared diazonium salt solution with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide dissolved in corresponding halogen acids. Chloro and bromoarenes are formed. Diazonium salts required for this purpose are prepared by treating ice-cold solut ...
Working with Hazardous Chemicals
... The oxidation reagent is prepared by dissolving 70 g. (0.70 mole) of chromium trioxide in 100 ml. of water in a 500-ml. beaker. The beaker is immersed in an ice bath, and 112 g. (61 ml., 1.10 moles) of concentrated (18M) sulfuric acid followed by 200 ml. of water is added cautiously with manual stir ...
... The oxidation reagent is prepared by dissolving 70 g. (0.70 mole) of chromium trioxide in 100 ml. of water in a 500-ml. beaker. The beaker is immersed in an ice bath, and 112 g. (61 ml., 1.10 moles) of concentrated (18M) sulfuric acid followed by 200 ml. of water is added cautiously with manual stir ...
Worksheet for Quiz 7 (and Exam 3)
... Quiz 8a Functional Groups are summarized on handout in Learn@UW: alkane (hydrocarbon, only single bonds, C-H); alkanes (family); alkene (with one or more C=C double bonds, but without the alternating C=C’s of “aromatics” with benzene...) ; alkyne . As shown below, categories “split” for O, are “lump ...
... Quiz 8a Functional Groups are summarized on handout in Learn@UW: alkane (hydrocarbon, only single bonds, C-H); alkanes (family); alkene (with one or more C=C double bonds, but without the alternating C=C’s of “aromatics” with benzene...) ; alkyne . As shown below, categories “split” for O, are “lump ...
with answers
... Pauli Principle: No two electrons in an atom can have all four quantum numbers identical. Or an orbital can be occupied by at most two electrons, which must then have antiparallel spin. Hund’s Rule: Orbitals will be filled with electrons in order of increasing energy; orbitals of the same energy wil ...
... Pauli Principle: No two electrons in an atom can have all four quantum numbers identical. Or an orbital can be occupied by at most two electrons, which must then have antiparallel spin. Hund’s Rule: Orbitals will be filled with electrons in order of increasing energy; orbitals of the same energy wil ...
19.19 Summary
... Esters occur naturally or are prepared from alcohols by Fischer esterification or by acylation with acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides (see Table 19.3). Esters are polar and have higher boiling points than alkanes of comparable size and shape. Esters don’t form hydrogen bonds to other ester molecules ...
... Esters occur naturally or are prepared from alcohols by Fischer esterification or by acylation with acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides (see Table 19.3). Esters are polar and have higher boiling points than alkanes of comparable size and shape. Esters don’t form hydrogen bonds to other ester molecules ...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
... NH3, primary (RNH2) and secondary amines (R2NH) The reaction with tertiary amines (R3N) gives an unstable species that CAN NOT be isolated HCl is neutralized by the excess amine or added ...
... NH3, primary (RNH2) and secondary amines (R2NH) The reaction with tertiary amines (R3N) gives an unstable species that CAN NOT be isolated HCl is neutralized by the excess amine or added ...
Chapter 16_CHEM 131
... • The hydrogen bonds are not as strong as those of alcohols, so amine boiling points are somewhat lower than those of ...
... • The hydrogen bonds are not as strong as those of alcohols, so amine boiling points are somewhat lower than those of ...
CHE-06 year 2004
... Outline ring bromination and sulphonation reactions of the following compounds. In each (7) case give the structure of the major reaction product(s). Also indicate whether the reaction would occur faster or slower than the corresponding reaction of benzene. ...
... Outline ring bromination and sulphonation reactions of the following compounds. In each (7) case give the structure of the major reaction product(s). Also indicate whether the reaction would occur faster or slower than the corresponding reaction of benzene. ...
http://www.twitter.com/chem442bausch - SIU
... The molecule isopropylbenzene contains how many carbon atoms that are bonded to exactly one hydrogen atom? (a) 4; (b) 5; (c) 6; (d) 7 (p 85, C-15) Which of the following cycloalkanes suffers from the most torsional strain? Worded differently, which has the most significant eclipsing interactions? (a ...
... The molecule isopropylbenzene contains how many carbon atoms that are bonded to exactly one hydrogen atom? (a) 4; (b) 5; (c) 6; (d) 7 (p 85, C-15) Which of the following cycloalkanes suffers from the most torsional strain? Worded differently, which has the most significant eclipsing interactions? (a ...
Petasis reaction
The Petasis reaction (alternatively called the Petasis borono–Mannich (PBM) reaction) is the chemical reaction of an amine, aldehyde, and vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form substituted amines.Reported in 1993 by Nicos Petasis as a practical method towards the synthesis of a geometrically pure antifungal agent, naftifine, the Petasis reaction can be described as a variation of the Mannich reaction. Rather than generating an enolate to form the substituted amine product, in the Petasis reaction, the vinyl group of the organoboronic acid serves as the nucleophile. In comparison to other methods of generating allyl amines, the Petasis reaction tolerates a multifunctional scaffold, with a variety of amines and organoboronic acids as potential starting materials. Additionally, the reaction does not require anhydrous or inert conditions. As a mild, selective synthesis, the Petasis reaction is useful in generating α-amino acids, and is utilized in combinatorial chemistry and drug discovery.