4 Organic Chemistry
... these two compounds by giving them different names. In this case it is quite straightforward. We call the straight-chain molecule n-butane and the branched molecule iso-butane. However, when alkanes have more than one branch (as many do) we really do need a systematic way of naming them. Rule 1: Cho ...
... these two compounds by giving them different names. In this case it is quite straightforward. We call the straight-chain molecule n-butane and the branched molecule iso-butane. However, when alkanes have more than one branch (as many do) we really do need a systematic way of naming them. Rule 1: Cho ...
Organometallic Chemistry
... solution of ethylmagnesium bromide in THF is slowly added to a cooled solution of THF containing the acetylene. ...
... solution of ethylmagnesium bromide in THF is slowly added to a cooled solution of THF containing the acetylene. ...
Organic Chemistry II: Here We Go Again!
... as Na+, or anions, such as Cl–. Cations may include an ammonium ion from an amino group, such as RNH3+. The anion may be from a carboxylic acid, such as RCOO–. The oppositely charged ions attract each other very strongly. ...
... as Na+, or anions, such as Cl–. Cations may include an ammonium ion from an amino group, such as RNH3+. The anion may be from a carboxylic acid, such as RCOO–. The oppositely charged ions attract each other very strongly. ...
Unit 4/5 packet
... The following ionic compounds contain polyatomic ions (ions like NO31-, SO42- or OH1- which are made up of several atoms bonded together). Whenever a polyatomic ion needs to be doubled or tripled in a formula, parentheses must be used to avoid confusion. For example: magnesium nitrate = Mg(NO3)2 [no ...
... The following ionic compounds contain polyatomic ions (ions like NO31-, SO42- or OH1- which are made up of several atoms bonded together). Whenever a polyatomic ion needs to be doubled or tripled in a formula, parentheses must be used to avoid confusion. For example: magnesium nitrate = Mg(NO3)2 [no ...
Chapter 10 - Chemistry Solutions
... The longest chain contains six carbon atoms, but it does not contain the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group. The longest chain containing the carbon bonded to the —OH group is the one outlined by the green box, containing five carbon atoms. This chain is numbered from right to left in order to give ...
... The longest chain contains six carbon atoms, but it does not contain the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group. The longest chain containing the carbon bonded to the —OH group is the one outlined by the green box, containing five carbon atoms. This chain is numbered from right to left in order to give ...
Chapter 9 Stoichiometry
... 5. Coal can be converted to methane gas by a process called coal gasification. The equation for the reaction is the following: 2C + 2H2O → CH4 + CO2. What mass in grams of carbon is required to react with water to form 1.00 mol CH4? Given: Want: Conversion: ...
... 5. Coal can be converted to methane gas by a process called coal gasification. The equation for the reaction is the following: 2C + 2H2O → CH4 + CO2. What mass in grams of carbon is required to react with water to form 1.00 mol CH4? Given: Want: Conversion: ...
Review Unit 8 Test (Chp 15,17)
... Which of the following statements about Kp , the equilibrium constant for the reaction, is correct? (A) Kp > 1 (B) Kp < 1 (C) Kp = 1 (D) It cannot be determined whether Kp > 1 , Kp < 1 , or Kp = 1 without additional information. Initially, there is (PPCl5)in = 1.00 atm , (PPCl3)in = 0 atm , and (PCl ...
... Which of the following statements about Kp , the equilibrium constant for the reaction, is correct? (A) Kp > 1 (B) Kp < 1 (C) Kp = 1 (D) It cannot be determined whether Kp > 1 , Kp < 1 , or Kp = 1 without additional information. Initially, there is (PPCl5)in = 1.00 atm , (PPCl3)in = 0 atm , and (PCl ...
ether - TeacherWeb
... Naming Ethers • Identify the two alkyl groups in the chain. • Write the prefix of the shorter alkyl chain, then the suffix – oxy, followed by the complete name of the longer alkyl chain (alkane name). • A number is required to indicate the carbon in which the oxygen is attached to in the longer cha ...
... Naming Ethers • Identify the two alkyl groups in the chain. • Write the prefix of the shorter alkyl chain, then the suffix – oxy, followed by the complete name of the longer alkyl chain (alkane name). • A number is required to indicate the carbon in which the oxygen is attached to in the longer cha ...
Chapter 11
... The halonium ion thus directs both the regiochemistry (oxygen adds to the carbon that can best stabilize the partial positive charge) and the stereochemistry (due to the three membered ring the oxygen must add anti to the the bromine already present) ...
... The halonium ion thus directs both the regiochemistry (oxygen adds to the carbon that can best stabilize the partial positive charge) and the stereochemistry (due to the three membered ring the oxygen must add anti to the the bromine already present) ...
6.3.1 Chromatography and Analysis
... To calculate the concentration of each component in the curve it is necessary to complete external calibration curves to confirm concentrations of components. Known amounts of a pure component can be passed through the GC machine. The calibration curve will give the retention time of the component a ...
... To calculate the concentration of each component in the curve it is necessary to complete external calibration curves to confirm concentrations of components. Known amounts of a pure component can be passed through the GC machine. The calibration curve will give the retention time of the component a ...
Redox Reactions
... • oxidation-reduction or redox reactions are Electron transfer reactions. • Redox reactions can result in the ...
... • oxidation-reduction or redox reactions are Electron transfer reactions. • Redox reactions can result in the ...
organic practice problems
... 1. Carbon shows a very strong tendency to form a. ionic bonds. c. hydrogen bonds. b. covalent bonds. d. highly polar bonds. 2. How many outermost electrons does a carbon atom have? a. 3 c. 5 b. 4 d. 6 3. How many single covalent bonds can a carbon atom form? a. 2 c. 4 b. 3 d. 5 4. When a carbon atom ...
... 1. Carbon shows a very strong tendency to form a. ionic bonds. c. hydrogen bonds. b. covalent bonds. d. highly polar bonds. 2. How many outermost electrons does a carbon atom have? a. 3 c. 5 b. 4 d. 6 3. How many single covalent bonds can a carbon atom form? a. 2 c. 4 b. 3 d. 5 4. When a carbon atom ...
CH 151 Companion
... This approach is usually referred to as the Scientific Method. There is nothing unique about the order of activity to this method other than it provides a logical way to deduce order and causality for natural phenomena. An inherent part of the scientific method is the element of creativity. This is ...
... This approach is usually referred to as the Scientific Method. There is nothing unique about the order of activity to this method other than it provides a logical way to deduce order and causality for natural phenomena. An inherent part of the scientific method is the element of creativity. This is ...
Compounds of Chlorine
... The X-Cl bond is an electron pair covalent bond with a highly polar nature. In this regard, chlorine is similar to uorine. However, there are two key features with regard to chlorine's bonding that dierentiates it from uorine. 1. Unlike uorine, chlorine can form multiple covalent bonds, e.g., Cl ...
... The X-Cl bond is an electron pair covalent bond with a highly polar nature. In this regard, chlorine is similar to uorine. However, there are two key features with regard to chlorine's bonding that dierentiates it from uorine. 1. Unlike uorine, chlorine can form multiple covalent bonds, e.g., Cl ...
View/Open
... intermediate either can be protonated to yield an alcohol or can eliminate the carbonyl oxygen, leading to a new CNu bond. When a nucleophile adds to a carboxylic acid derivative, however, a different reaction course is followed. The initially formed tetrahedral intermediate eliminates one of the t ...
... intermediate either can be protonated to yield an alcohol or can eliminate the carbonyl oxygen, leading to a new CNu bond. When a nucleophile adds to a carboxylic acid derivative, however, a different reaction course is followed. The initially formed tetrahedral intermediate eliminates one of the t ...
Ethers and Epoxides
... the groups on either side of the oxygen, e.g. methyl ethyl ether H3COCH2CH3. IUPAC names ethers by taking the more complex alkyl group the root name, and naming the remaining part as an alkoxy group. E.g. H OCH3 ...
... the groups on either side of the oxygen, e.g. methyl ethyl ether H3COCH2CH3. IUPAC names ethers by taking the more complex alkyl group the root name, and naming the remaining part as an alkoxy group. E.g. H OCH3 ...
Stereochemistry of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
... First, we need to understand what constitutional isomer means…the #’s of atoms, and types of atoms are the same, just the arrangement may be different. We have a 5 Carbon cyclic alkane, so we can only have a case when we have a 1,2- or a 1,3- dibromo linkage, as these links will be symmetrical with ...
... First, we need to understand what constitutional isomer means…the #’s of atoms, and types of atoms are the same, just the arrangement may be different. We have a 5 Carbon cyclic alkane, so we can only have a case when we have a 1,2- or a 1,3- dibromo linkage, as these links will be symmetrical with ...
Chapter 11 Reactions of Alcohols Types of Alcohol Reactions
... • New O-C bond forms, O-H bond breaks. ...
... • New O-C bond forms, O-H bond breaks. ...
General Anesthetics
... Benzodiazepines: Tend to bind to benzodiazepine recognition site that modulate the GABA binding to GABAA (a receptor which is a ligand- gated chloride ion channel) SAR: An electroneg. atom at position 7 is required for activity. No sub. in positions 6, 8 and 9. A phenyl at position 5 promotes activi ...
... Benzodiazepines: Tend to bind to benzodiazepine recognition site that modulate the GABA binding to GABAA (a receptor which is a ligand- gated chloride ion channel) SAR: An electroneg. atom at position 7 is required for activity. No sub. in positions 6, 8 and 9. A phenyl at position 5 promotes activi ...
Exemplar Paper
... 2. There is only one correct answer to each question. 3. Any rough working should be done on the additional space for answers and rough work at the end of this booklet. ...
... 2. There is only one correct answer to each question. 3. Any rough working should be done on the additional space for answers and rough work at the end of this booklet. ...
Learning Outcomes Leaving Certificate Chemistry
... state the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases define what is meant by a conjugate acid/base pair apply the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases for aqueous solutions only ...
... state the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases define what is meant by a conjugate acid/base pair apply the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases for aqueous solutions only ...
Student Learning Outcomes (broken down by chapter…basically the
... Describe how an acid catalyzes the hydrolysis of an ester. Predict the products of the reactions of carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives with nucleophiles. Predict the products of the reactions of carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives with nucleophiles. Predict the products of ...
... Describe how an acid catalyzes the hydrolysis of an ester. Predict the products of the reactions of carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives with nucleophiles. Predict the products of the reactions of carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives with nucleophiles. Predict the products of ...
Strychnine total synthesis
Strychnine total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule strychnine. The first reported method by the group of Robert Burns Woodward in 1954 is considered a classic in this research field. At the time it formed the natural conclusion to an elaborate process of molecular structure elucidation that started with the isolation of strychnine from the beans of Strychnos ignatii by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou in 1818. Major contributors to the entire effort were Sir Robert Robinson with over 250 publications and Hermann Leuchs with another 125 papers in a time span of 40 years. Robinson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1947 for his work on alkaloids, strychnine included. The process of chemical identification was completed with publications in 1946 by Robinson and later confirmed by Woodward in 1947. X-ray structures establishing the absolute configuration became available between 1947 and 1951 with publications from J. M. Bijvoet and J.H. Robertson .Woodward published a very brief account on the strychnine synthesis in 1954 (just 3 pages) and a lengthy one (42 pages) in 1963.Many more methods exist and reported by the research groups of Magnus, Overman, Kuehne, Rawal, Bosch, Vollhardt, Mori, Shibasaki, Li, Fukuyama Vanderwal and MacMillan. Synthetic (+)-strychnine is also known. Racemic synthesises were published by Padwa in 2007 and in 2010 by Andrade and by Reissig.In his 1963 publication Woodward quoted Sir Robert Robinson who said for its molecular size it is the most complex substance known.