TYPES OF REACTIONS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
... EVIDENCE FOR THE MECHANISM ~ the reaction will not occur in the dark at room temperature ~ the energy supplied is not enough to break the C - H bond ~ No molecular hydrogen produced - hence no hydrogen free radicals formed ~ Ethane is produced in small amounts, can only be explained by CH3 + CH3 ~ ...
... EVIDENCE FOR THE MECHANISM ~ the reaction will not occur in the dark at room temperature ~ the energy supplied is not enough to break the C - H bond ~ No molecular hydrogen produced - hence no hydrogen free radicals formed ~ Ethane is produced in small amounts, can only be explained by CH3 + CH3 ~ ...
ADDITION REACTIONS
... A Russian scientist, Markownikoff, investigated the products of the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes. He found that, when two products were formed, one was formed in a larger quantity. His original rule was based only on this reaction. The modern version uses carbocation stability as a criter ...
... A Russian scientist, Markownikoff, investigated the products of the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes. He found that, when two products were formed, one was formed in a larger quantity. His original rule was based only on this reaction. The modern version uses carbocation stability as a criter ...
Molybdenum based catalysts as Oxidants and Reductants
... Reductions of functional groups of organic compounds Organic molecules having a number of unsaturated groups such alkenes, alkynes, ketones, aldehydes, nitro, sulfoxides and aromatic ring etc can be reduced catalytically under suitable conditions, although these groups are not all reduced with equa ...
... Reductions of functional groups of organic compounds Organic molecules having a number of unsaturated groups such alkenes, alkynes, ketones, aldehydes, nitro, sulfoxides and aromatic ring etc can be reduced catalytically under suitable conditions, although these groups are not all reduced with equa ...
expanding the art of synthesis - Chemistry at Illinois
... functionalization in organic synthesis, while also demonstrating the major challenges that still need to be overcome in this field of chemistry. The palladium catalyst is remarkably selective, but the substrate needs to be recovered and recycled through the reaction conditions two further times to a ...
... functionalization in organic synthesis, while also demonstrating the major challenges that still need to be overcome in this field of chemistry. The palladium catalyst is remarkably selective, but the substrate needs to be recovered and recycled through the reaction conditions two further times to a ...
Alkanes and alkenes
... Alkenes are unsaturated compounds and contain double C=C bonds. They undergo addition reactions. They have the general formula CnH2n. Cracking is the process of breaking down large alkane molecules into smaller alkane and alkene molecules. Alkenes can be differentiated from alkanes as they rapidly d ...
... Alkenes are unsaturated compounds and contain double C=C bonds. They undergo addition reactions. They have the general formula CnH2n. Cracking is the process of breaking down large alkane molecules into smaller alkane and alkene molecules. Alkenes can be differentiated from alkanes as they rapidly d ...
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
... • this is called polymerization – The atom or group of atoms that are added to the hydrocarbon are called functional groups. • Functional groups usually have multiple bonds or lone pairs of electrons that make them very reactive. ...
... • this is called polymerization – The atom or group of atoms that are added to the hydrocarbon are called functional groups. • Functional groups usually have multiple bonds or lone pairs of electrons that make them very reactive. ...
study note 3 33
... either side of the double bond, leaving a single bond (or leaving a double bond when the addition is to a triple bond). Halogenation, and hydrogenation are types of addition reactions. Oxidation and hydrolysis are, in some cases, addition reactions. Polymerization, in some cases, may also proceed vi ...
... either side of the double bond, leaving a single bond (or leaving a double bond when the addition is to a triple bond). Halogenation, and hydrogenation are types of addition reactions. Oxidation and hydrolysis are, in some cases, addition reactions. Polymerization, in some cases, may also proceed vi ...
Organic Chemistry - EO-204-Distillation
... So……even though they have the same formula ….they have different properties Whether the compounds are Saturated or Unsaturated they are called “Aliphatic Compounds” because they are either straight or branched Hydrocarbons. Isomers of Butane Animation of Isomerism ...
... So……even though they have the same formula ….they have different properties Whether the compounds are Saturated or Unsaturated they are called “Aliphatic Compounds” because they are either straight or branched Hydrocarbons. Isomers of Butane Animation of Isomerism ...
EXP-7
... The Cannizzaro reaction is that of aldehydes that do not contain alpha hydrogens to give carboxylic acids and alcohols (alpha hydrogens cause an Aldol reaction to take place). This occurs in the presence of a strong base. Benzaldehyde, which does not contain alpha hydrogens, was used for this reacti ...
... The Cannizzaro reaction is that of aldehydes that do not contain alpha hydrogens to give carboxylic acids and alcohols (alpha hydrogens cause an Aldol reaction to take place). This occurs in the presence of a strong base. Benzaldehyde, which does not contain alpha hydrogens, was used for this reacti ...
Losing and Gaining Electrons
... Reductive elimination is the “opposite” of oxidative addition, and is the foundation of metal-mediated coupling reactions. Typically it goes through a dissociation reaction, Berry pseudo-rotation, and then reductive elimination. Like most dissociation reactions, the first step is ...
... Reductive elimination is the “opposite” of oxidative addition, and is the foundation of metal-mediated coupling reactions. Typically it goes through a dissociation reaction, Berry pseudo-rotation, and then reductive elimination. Like most dissociation reactions, the first step is ...
R1.4 Gas-Phase Industrial Reactor/Process Synthesis gas contains
... to 9.5 tons/s, and the gas recycle ratio is 2:1. Packed Bed. The packed-bed reactor used at the Sasol plant to carry out Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reaction is shown in Figure RE1-4.3. Synthesis gas is fed at a rate of 30,000 m3/h (STP) at 240C and 27 atm to the packed-bed reactor. The reactor conta ...
... to 9.5 tons/s, and the gas recycle ratio is 2:1. Packed Bed. The packed-bed reactor used at the Sasol plant to carry out Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reaction is shown in Figure RE1-4.3. Synthesis gas is fed at a rate of 30,000 m3/h (STP) at 240C and 27 atm to the packed-bed reactor. The reactor conta ...
Table
... Addition reaction with hydrogen: hydrogenation Ketones secondary alcohols Addition reactions with hydrogen: hydrogenation Preparation Alcohol+(O)aldehyde+(O)Carboxylic acid Oxidation reaction; add (O) Carboxylic acid+alcoholester+H2O Condensation Reaction Pathway to other compounds Ester+NaOH ...
... Addition reaction with hydrogen: hydrogenation Ketones secondary alcohols Addition reactions with hydrogen: hydrogenation Preparation Alcohol+(O)aldehyde+(O)Carboxylic acid Oxidation reaction; add (O) Carboxylic acid+alcoholester+H2O Condensation Reaction Pathway to other compounds Ester+NaOH ...
5_slides_olefin_complexes_VIPEr
... Created by Margaret L. Scheuermann, Princeton University; Abby R. O’Connor, The College of New Jersey, [email protected]. Copyright Scheuermann and O’Connor, 2014. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licens ...
... Created by Margaret L. Scheuermann, Princeton University; Abby R. O’Connor, The College of New Jersey, [email protected]. Copyright Scheuermann and O’Connor, 2014. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licens ...
The Busch Catalyst
... Fe(Bcyclam) was a much better catalyst than Fe(TMC) Mechanistic investigation showed activation with Acetic Acid, but loss of dihydroxylation and only epoxidation Without Acetic Acid, dihydroxylation is favored Que suggests an FeV=O active catalyst for both ...
... Fe(Bcyclam) was a much better catalyst than Fe(TMC) Mechanistic investigation showed activation with Acetic Acid, but loss of dihydroxylation and only epoxidation Without Acetic Acid, dihydroxylation is favored Que suggests an FeV=O active catalyst for both ...
Oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes
... carbonyl groups consists of a carbon-oxygen double bond the bond is polar due to the difference in electronegativity ...
... carbonyl groups consists of a carbon-oxygen double bond the bond is polar due to the difference in electronegativity ...
Activity 5 – Catalytic Cycles
... metal centre whilst the metal bonded alkane is transformed into an alkene. Alkene insertion is the reverse of this reaction. ...
... metal centre whilst the metal bonded alkane is transformed into an alkene. Alkene insertion is the reverse of this reaction. ...
Balancing Chemical Equations
... If sufficient oxygen is available, a hydrocarbon fuel can be completely oxidized, the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) and the hydrogen is converted to water (H2O). The overall chemical equation for the complete combustion of one mole of propane (C3H8) is: ...
... If sufficient oxygen is available, a hydrocarbon fuel can be completely oxidized, the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) and the hydrogen is converted to water (H2O). The overall chemical equation for the complete combustion of one mole of propane (C3H8) is: ...
Organometallic Chemistry
... open coordination site on the metal complex - no open site is available - displace a ligand metal complex will usually have less than 18 electrons, otherwise a 20 electron olefin-hydride would be the immediate product. ...
... open coordination site on the metal complex - no open site is available - displace a ligand metal complex will usually have less than 18 electrons, otherwise a 20 electron olefin-hydride would be the immediate product. ...
OCR Chemistry A Question number Answer Marks Guidance 1 a
... skeletal or a mixture, as long as they are unambiguous. ...
... skeletal or a mixture, as long as they are unambiguous. ...
Hydroformylation
Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an important homogeneously catalyzed industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes. This chemical reaction entails the addition of a formyl group (CHO) and a hydrogen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond. This process has undergone continuous growth since its invention in 1938: Production capacity reached 6.6×106 tons in 1995. It is important because the resulting aldehydes are easily converted into many secondary products. For example, the resulting aldehydes are hydrogenated to alcohols that are converted to plasticizers or detergents. Hydroformylation is also used in specialty chemicals, relevant to the organic synthesis of fragrances and natural products. The development of hydroformylation, which originated within the German coal-based industry, is considered one of the premier achievements of 20th-century industrial chemistry.The process typically entails treatment of an alkene with high pressures (between 10 to 100 atmospheres) of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at temperatures between 40 and 200 °C. Transition metal catalysts are required.