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Chem 121 QU 78 Due in lecture
Chem 121 QU 78 Due in lecture

... What are valence electrons?↑ →_________________________________________________________________ 34a Compare cation and atomic radii. ↑ →__________________________________________________________________ 36 What is the general trend of ionization energy going down a column ? ↑ →______________________ ...
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Unit 4 Study Guide - Key - Effingham County Schools

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Chapter7_1 - Department of Chemistry [FSU]

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... emitted by atoms of a given element is absolutely the same for every atom of that element, no matter how hot or cold it is. Mystery #4. What is the dynamics that causes line spectra? ...
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Many-Electron Atoms Thornton and Rex, Ch. 8

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Bohr`s model of the atom

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Many-Electron Atoms Thornton and Rex, Ch. 8

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Chemistry Unit Test Study Guide (2012-2013)

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... parts, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. Most commonly this is done by "firing" a neutron at the nucleus of an atom. The energy of the neutron "bullet" causes the target element to split into two (or more) elements that are lighter than the parent atom. • During the fission of U235, ...
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... As one reads across the periodic table from left to right in a given period, the pull exerted upon the outer-shell electrons by the positively charged nucleus increases with atomic number. There are more protons in the nucleus and therefore more positive charge. As one reads down the periodic table ...
first chapter - damtp - University of Cambridge
first chapter - damtp - University of Cambridge

... The reason that this does not happen is that very small systems, such as atoms, do not obey classical mechanics. To describe an atom one has to use quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics, as opposed to classical mechanics, one cannot arbitrarily choose a value for the energy of the orbiting particl ...
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Bohr`s equation for the hydrogen atom Bohr derived an equation to

... One result of this principle is that you can never squeeze two particles together to such an extent that they occupy the same state - objects must have a finite volume! It also means that if the exclusion priciple did not apply then all electrons in an atom would end up in the lowest possible energy ...
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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is made up of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are around 100 pm (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale). However, atoms do not have well defined boundaries, and there are different ways to define their size which give different but close values.Atoms are small enough that classical physics give noticeably incorrect results. Through the development of physics, atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior.Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons (none in hydrogen-1). Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Over 99.94% of the atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an ion.Electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force, the nuclear force, which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another. Under certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force, and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus, leaving behind a different element: nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation.The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs: for example, all copper atoms contain 29 protons. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element. The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom. Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules. The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature, and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry.Not all the matter of the universe is composed of atoms. Dark matter comprises more of the Universe than matter, and is composed not of atoms, but of particles of a currently unknown type.
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