Oxidation numbers
... In fact, oxidation never takes place on its own - nor does reduction. When one substance is oxidised in a reaction, another one is reduced. A Redox reaction is one in which both reduction and oxidation take place. To work out which element is oxidised and which is reduced in a reaction, we go throug ...
... In fact, oxidation never takes place on its own - nor does reduction. When one substance is oxidised in a reaction, another one is reduced. A Redox reaction is one in which both reduction and oxidation take place. To work out which element is oxidised and which is reduced in a reaction, we go throug ...
ANew Copper(II)ComplexwiththeN,N`-Bis(antipyryl-4
... and N2) atoms lie slightly below (0.017, 0.245, and 0.1933 Å, respectively) whereas the oxygen atoms are located above the mean plane of CuN2 O2 (O1 0.1, O2 0.2 Å). The second chromophore is more distorted: O1 and N2 are situated below the mean plane and O2 and N1 above. The distance of the copper ...
... and N2) atoms lie slightly below (0.017, 0.245, and 0.1933 Å, respectively) whereas the oxygen atoms are located above the mean plane of CuN2 O2 (O1 0.1, O2 0.2 Å). The second chromophore is more distorted: O1 and N2 are situated below the mean plane and O2 and N1 above. The distance of the copper ...
Chapter 24. Amines
... Amides (RCONH2) in general are not proton acceptors except in very strong acid The C=O group is strongly electron-withdrawing, making the N a very weak base Addition of a proton occurs on O but this destroys the double bond character of C=O as a requirement of stabilization by N= ...
... Amides (RCONH2) in general are not proton acceptors except in very strong acid The C=O group is strongly electron-withdrawing, making the N a very weak base Addition of a proton occurs on O but this destroys the double bond character of C=O as a requirement of stabilization by N= ...
B.Sc.-Chemistry
... Nomenclature, structure and bonding, preparation of phenols, physical properties and acidic character, Comparative acidic strengths of alcohols and phenols, resonance stabilization of phenoxide ion. Reactions of phenols -electrophilic aromatic substitution, acylation and carboxylation. Mechanism of ...
... Nomenclature, structure and bonding, preparation of phenols, physical properties and acidic character, Comparative acidic strengths of alcohols and phenols, resonance stabilization of phenoxide ion. Reactions of phenols -electrophilic aromatic substitution, acylation and carboxylation. Mechanism of ...
Variant 1 - Egypt IG Student Room
... reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information ...
... reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information ...
Chapter 3 Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations How
... • Chemical bonds result from the attractions between the charged particles (the electrons and protons) that compose atoms. • Chemical bonds are classified into two types: – Ionic – Covalent ...
... • Chemical bonds result from the attractions between the charged particles (the electrons and protons) that compose atoms. • Chemical bonds are classified into two types: – Ionic – Covalent ...
ppt
... • Stereoisomers: Isomers with the same connectivity between atoms but have a different arrangement of atoms. • We have already examined a form of stereoisomerism when we studied geometric isomers, that is, cis-trans isomers in disubstituted cycloalkanes and in alkenes. • In this chapter, we study is ...
... • Stereoisomers: Isomers with the same connectivity between atoms but have a different arrangement of atoms. • We have already examined a form of stereoisomerism when we studied geometric isomers, that is, cis-trans isomers in disubstituted cycloalkanes and in alkenes. • In this chapter, we study is ...
Addition of Alcohols to Form Hemiacetals and Acetals
... In the presence of excess alcohol, two molecules of alcohol are added to an aldehyde or ketone in the acid-catalyzed reaction. The resulting compounds are called acetals (an older term for an acetal derived from a ketone is a ketal). ...
... In the presence of excess alcohol, two molecules of alcohol are added to an aldehyde or ketone in the acid-catalyzed reaction. The resulting compounds are called acetals (an older term for an acetal derived from a ketone is a ketal). ...
Ground State and Bonding State Electronic Configurations
... where carbon uses a different kind of hybridization in its bonding. Such an example is ethylene (ethene), the simplest member of the alkene family of hydrocarbons. Here, the two carbon atoms are linked by a double bond, the molecule is planar and the bond angles are approximately 120 o, giving a tri ...
... where carbon uses a different kind of hybridization in its bonding. Such an example is ethylene (ethene), the simplest member of the alkene family of hydrocarbons. Here, the two carbon atoms are linked by a double bond, the molecule is planar and the bond angles are approximately 120 o, giving a tri ...
Chapter 8: Ionic Compounds
... inner d sublevel. When forming positive ions, transition metals commonly lose their two valence electrons, forming 2 ions. However, it is also possible for d electrons to be lost. Thus transition elements also commonly form ions of 3 or greater, depending on the number of d electrons in the electr ...
... inner d sublevel. When forming positive ions, transition metals commonly lose their two valence electrons, forming 2 ions. However, it is also possible for d electrons to be lost. Thus transition elements also commonly form ions of 3 or greater, depending on the number of d electrons in the electr ...
CHEM 242 Organic Chemistry II-Bender
... Course Content: Organic Chemistry I will cover chapters 9, 11, and 15-22, with 24-28 being addressed in research papers. Special emphasis will be placed on aromatic compounds, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, amines, phenols, spectroscopy, structure and reactivity, biomolecules and multi-step s ...
... Course Content: Organic Chemistry I will cover chapters 9, 11, and 15-22, with 24-28 being addressed in research papers. Special emphasis will be placed on aromatic compounds, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, amines, phenols, spectroscopy, structure and reactivity, biomolecules and multi-step s ...
Stereochemistry - Kantipur Engineering College
... Compounds having stereocenters (stereogenic carbons) have two or more stereoisomers. Many pharmaceuticals (drugs) are chiral compounds and consist of only one particular stereoisomer. In many cases the use of other isomers instead of a particular one is either less effective or even toxic. In other ...
... Compounds having stereocenters (stereogenic carbons) have two or more stereoisomers. Many pharmaceuticals (drugs) are chiral compounds and consist of only one particular stereoisomer. In many cases the use of other isomers instead of a particular one is either less effective or even toxic. In other ...
Unit 4 - INTEC Chemistry Blog
... recognise oxidation, reduction, condensation, nucleophilic substitution or nucleophilic addition Redox (reduction oxidation reaction) describes / all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number/state changed Oxidation state is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all ...
... recognise oxidation, reduction, condensation, nucleophilic substitution or nucleophilic addition Redox (reduction oxidation reaction) describes / all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number/state changed Oxidation state is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all ...
chemistry 1000
... Nomenclature also makes it easier for us to talk about organic chemistry in situations where we can’t just draw the molecules. The rules for organic nomenclature are the same as those you learned in CHEM 2000 (see next page); however, we will now deal with a few more functional groups, a few more di ...
... Nomenclature also makes it easier for us to talk about organic chemistry in situations where we can’t just draw the molecules. The rules for organic nomenclature are the same as those you learned in CHEM 2000 (see next page); however, we will now deal with a few more functional groups, a few more di ...
Chapter 1-
... Grignard reagents cannot be made from halides which contain acidic groups or electrophilic sites elsewhere in the molecule ...
... Grignard reagents cannot be made from halides which contain acidic groups or electrophilic sites elsewhere in the molecule ...
Chapter 12 Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Oxidation
... Grignard reagents cannot be made from halides which contain acidic groups or electrophilic sites elsewhere in the molecule ...
... Grignard reagents cannot be made from halides which contain acidic groups or electrophilic sites elsewhere in the molecule ...
1 -
... If there are two or more substituents, the ring carbons are numbered to give the lowest possible numbers. When the acyclic portion of the molecule contains more carbon atoms than the cyclic portion (or when it contains an important functional group) the cyclic portion is named as a cycloalkyl ...
... If there are two or more substituents, the ring carbons are numbered to give the lowest possible numbers. When the acyclic portion of the molecule contains more carbon atoms than the cyclic portion (or when it contains an important functional group) the cyclic portion is named as a cycloalkyl ...
Are diglycolamide ligands hard or soft Lewis bases?
... Chemical hardness/softness of ligand molecules (L) can be considered in terms of the amount of electron density donated by the ligand (Lewis base) to the central metal ion (Lewis acid) in the complex. Hard ligands donate little electron density, and interact with the metal ion mainly via electrostat ...
... Chemical hardness/softness of ligand molecules (L) can be considered in terms of the amount of electron density donated by the ligand (Lewis base) to the central metal ion (Lewis acid) in the complex. Hard ligands donate little electron density, and interact with the metal ion mainly via electrostat ...
Edexcel Chemistry for A2
... Candidates should be able to: a) give examples to illustrate the importance of organic synthesis in research for the production of useful products ...
... Candidates should be able to: a) give examples to illustrate the importance of organic synthesis in research for the production of useful products ...
File - need help with revision notes?
... Manufacture of TNT (Trinitrotoluene) Methyl benzene reacts with nitric acid to form 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene and water. Halogenation of Benzene Electrophilic substitution with a halogen in the presence of a halogen carrier catalyst (FeBr3 or AlCl3) Benzene is unable to react with a halogen alone bec ...
... Manufacture of TNT (Trinitrotoluene) Methyl benzene reacts with nitric acid to form 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene and water. Halogenation of Benzene Electrophilic substitution with a halogen in the presence of a halogen carrier catalyst (FeBr3 or AlCl3) Benzene is unable to react with a halogen alone bec ...
Lewis Acids and Bases - Screenshot for timg.co.il
... • The formation of a complex ion is reversible. • The equilibrium involving a complex ion, the metal ion, and the ligands is described through a formation constant, Kf: Ag+(aq) + 2 Cl–(aq) ...
... • The formation of a complex ion is reversible. • The equilibrium involving a complex ion, the metal ion, and the ligands is described through a formation constant, Kf: Ag+(aq) + 2 Cl–(aq) ...
Document
... iodides are several times more reactive than alkyl bromides and from 50 to 100 times more reactive than alkyl chlorides. Fluorine has the strongest bond to carbon, and fluoride is the poorest leaving group. Alkyl fluorides are rarely used as substrates in nucleophilic substitution because they are s ...
... iodides are several times more reactive than alkyl bromides and from 50 to 100 times more reactive than alkyl chlorides. Fluorine has the strongest bond to carbon, and fluoride is the poorest leaving group. Alkyl fluorides are rarely used as substrates in nucleophilic substitution because they are s ...
Homoaromaticity
Homoaromaticity in organic chemistry refers to a special case of aromaticity in which conjugation is interrupted by a single sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Although this sp3 center disrupts the continuous overlap of p-orbitals, traditionally thought to be a requirement for aromaticity, considerable thermodynamic stability and many of the spectroscopic, magnetic, and chemical properties associated with aromatic compounds are still observed for such compounds. This formal discontinuity is apparently bridged by p-orbital overlap, maintaining a contiguous cycle of π electrons that is responsible for this preserved chemical stability.The concept of homoaromaticity was pioneered by Saul Winstein in 1959, prompted by his studies of the “tris-homocyclopropenyl” cation. Since the publication of Winstein's paper, much research has been devoted to understanding and classifying these molecules, which represent an additional “class” of aromatic molecules included under the continuously broadening definition of aromaticity. To date, homoaromatic compounds are known to exist as cationic and anionic species, and some studies support the existence of neutral homoaromatic molecules, though these are less common. The 'homotropylium' cation (C8H9+) is perhaps the best studied example of a homoaromatic compound.