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... (2) Energy ratio of the ring between He+ and H+ = 1~10. (3) Some events show energy-time dispersion, indicating the drift. (4) The time scale of the development ~ 1 h. (5) Pitch angle ~ 90° for also > 30 eV. (6) Observation probability at 4~4.5 RE is ~ 40-45% in noon and dusk sectors and about 20-25 ...
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Course name Thermodynamics Course code ENG.I.011 Department

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Basic thermodynamics` definitions. Units and conversions.

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< 1 ... 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 ... 211 >

Heat transfer physics



Heat transfer physics describes the kinetics of energy storage, transport, and transformation by principal energy carriers: phonons (lattice vibration waves), electrons, fluid particles, and photons. Heat is energy stored in temperature-dependent motion of particles including electrons, atomic nuclei, individual atoms, and molecules. Heat is transferred to and from matter by the principal energy carriers. The state of energy stored within matter, or transported by the carriers, is described by a combination of classical and quantum statistical mechanics. The energy is also transformed (converted) among various carriers.The heat transfer processes (or kinetics) are governed by the rates at which various related physical phenomena occur, such as (for example) the rate of particle collisions in classical mechanics. These various states and kinetics determine the heat transfer, i.e., the net rate of energy storage or transport. Governing these process from the atomic level (atom or molecule length scale) to macroscale are the laws of thermodynamics, including conservation of energy.
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