Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
... not significantly vary from animal to animal. In particular, number of neurons (302) in the hermaphrodite worm is consistent across the individuals [1, 2], and synapses (both chemical synapses and electric gap junctions) are stereotypical with more than 75% reproducibility [3]. This consistency make ...
... not significantly vary from animal to animal. In particular, number of neurons (302) in the hermaphrodite worm is consistent across the individuals [1, 2], and synapses (both chemical synapses and electric gap junctions) are stereotypical with more than 75% reproducibility [3]. This consistency make ...
Innervation of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles of the female rat
... of these muscles during parturition may contribute to pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Unfortunately, animal models that are suitable for studying parturition-induced pelvic floor neuropathy and its treatment are rare. The present study describes the intrapelvic skeletal muscles (i.e., ...
... of these muscles during parturition may contribute to pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Unfortunately, animal models that are suitable for studying parturition-induced pelvic floor neuropathy and its treatment are rare. The present study describes the intrapelvic skeletal muscles (i.e., ...
Aalborg Universitet Assessment of sensory convergence in the spinal cord
... Pain has been defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms as such” (Merskey and Bogduk, 1994). It has also been emphasized that pain is a personal experience that depends on genetic differences, past experience, anxiety, ex ...
... Pain has been defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms as such” (Merskey and Bogduk, 1994). It has also been emphasized that pain is a personal experience that depends on genetic differences, past experience, anxiety, ex ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... When we listen to a friend in a noisy café, the segregation between information and noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortic ...
... When we listen to a friend in a noisy café, the segregation between information and noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortic ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... 31. During the action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to Incorrect. During resting pote ...
... 31. During the action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to Incorrect. During resting pote ...
18
... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
Empathic choice involves vmPFC value signals that are modulated
... decision-making on their behalf. A related literature has studied the neurobiological basis of mentalizing [often called theory of mind (ToM)] and has found that areas such as medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) play a critical role in this process (Saxe and Kansw ...
... decision-making on their behalf. A related literature has studied the neurobiological basis of mentalizing [often called theory of mind (ToM)] and has found that areas such as medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) play a critical role in this process (Saxe and Kansw ...
Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was
... salt depletion. Crucially, robust neural firing to the salt cue occurred the first time it was encountered in the new depletion state (in cue-only extinction trials), even before its associated intense saltiness has ever been tasted as positively “liked” (salt taste had always been “disliked” before ...
... salt depletion. Crucially, robust neural firing to the salt cue occurred the first time it was encountered in the new depletion state (in cue-only extinction trials), even before its associated intense saltiness has ever been tasted as positively “liked” (salt taste had always been “disliked” before ...
Role of Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Self
... to consider the particular research question which RPE is being used to assess when administering RPE scales. Within sports science research RPE is often taken as a secondary measure in order to vaguely describe one’s sensations during exercise. As such, it is plausible that the primary research mea ...
... to consider the particular research question which RPE is being used to assess when administering RPE scales. Within sports science research RPE is often taken as a secondary measure in order to vaguely describe one’s sensations during exercise. As such, it is plausible that the primary research mea ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and
... brains and nerves, and plays functional roles in the central as well as peripheral nervous systems. A large number of studies have accumulated evidence showing that HGF is a multipotent growth factor that functions as a novel neurotrophic factor for a variety of neurons, including the hippocampal, c ...
... brains and nerves, and plays functional roles in the central as well as peripheral nervous systems. A large number of studies have accumulated evidence showing that HGF is a multipotent growth factor that functions as a novel neurotrophic factor for a variety of neurons, including the hippocampal, c ...
E ffects of different kinds of acute stress on nerve growth factor
... Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) has several effects on the central nervous system; on the one hand NGF fosters survival and function of cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, on the other hand this protein is implicated in the stress response of the hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenocortical axi ...
... Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) has several effects on the central nervous system; on the one hand NGF fosters survival and function of cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, on the other hand this protein is implicated in the stress response of the hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenocortical axi ...
Pearson SA, Mouihate A, Pittman QJ, Whelan PJ
... or modulate network activity. In this study we make use of an isolated mouse spinal cord preparation (Whelan et al., 2000) to examine the functional effects of AVP and OXT on spinal networks. We demonstrate that AVP or OXT, alone or in concert with other neuromodulators, can activate networks of neu ...
... or modulate network activity. In this study we make use of an isolated mouse spinal cord preparation (Whelan et al., 2000) to examine the functional effects of AVP and OXT on spinal networks. We demonstrate that AVP or OXT, alone or in concert with other neuromodulators, can activate networks of neu ...
Representing Spatial Relationships in Posterior
... the spatial analysis involved and the spatial motor control required may be dissociable in time during this process. Spatial cognitive processes that enable object construction appear to rely particularly on the functional integrity of posterior parietal cortex. Damage to this cortical area often pr ...
... the spatial analysis involved and the spatial motor control required may be dissociable in time during this process. Spatial cognitive processes that enable object construction appear to rely particularly on the functional integrity of posterior parietal cortex. Damage to this cortical area often pr ...
Stimulation Within the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Can Evoke
... excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that were mediated by non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA receptors. These excitatory responses were the most prominent response in control artificial cerebrospinal fluid and have been studied previously. In 22 of the SPNs, RVLM stimulation also elicit ...
... excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that were mediated by non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA receptors. These excitatory responses were the most prominent response in control artificial cerebrospinal fluid and have been studied previously. In 22 of the SPNs, RVLM stimulation also elicit ...
The Control of Voluntary Eye Movements: New Perspectives
... voluntary eye movements. First, recent experiments have shown that pursuit and saccades are not controlled by entirely different neural pathways but are controlled by similar networks of cortical and subcortical regions and, in some cases, by the same neurons. Second, pursuit and saccades are not au ...
... voluntary eye movements. First, recent experiments have shown that pursuit and saccades are not controlled by entirely different neural pathways but are controlled by similar networks of cortical and subcortical regions and, in some cases, by the same neurons. Second, pursuit and saccades are not au ...
Region-specific requirement for cholesterol
... Previous efforts to understand the role of cholesterol modification concluded that the cholesterol moiety is required for long-range spreading and signaling in the mouse limb buds (Lewis et al., 2001). Accordingly, it has been proposed that cholesterol modification is required for the formation of S ...
... Previous efforts to understand the role of cholesterol modification concluded that the cholesterol moiety is required for long-range spreading and signaling in the mouse limb buds (Lewis et al., 2001). Accordingly, it has been proposed that cholesterol modification is required for the formation of S ...
nerve supply of pelvic viscera — anatomical notes, clinical
... C o n c l u s i o n s: Anatomy of pelvic plexuses is still confusing. Much attention should be paid to further studies on the arrangement of pelvic plexuses specially because of nerve stimulation techniques. Key words: pelvic plexus, nerve stimulation, anatomy. ...
... C o n c l u s i o n s: Anatomy of pelvic plexuses is still confusing. Much attention should be paid to further studies on the arrangement of pelvic plexuses specially because of nerve stimulation techniques. Key words: pelvic plexus, nerve stimulation, anatomy. ...
Autonomic nervous system
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
Autonomic nervous system
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... Germantown, NY) weighing 20–40 g were used. The procedures were approved by the Animal Committee of the Brockton/West Roxbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Esophageal manometry. Esophageal manometry was performed using a custom-designed catheter assembly (Dentsleeve, Parkside, SA, Australia). The ...
... Germantown, NY) weighing 20–40 g were used. The procedures were approved by the Animal Committee of the Brockton/West Roxbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Esophageal manometry. Esophageal manometry was performed using a custom-designed catheter assembly (Dentsleeve, Parkside, SA, Australia). The ...
A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A
... The prevailing model of the functional architecture intrinsic to the basal ganglia was originally proposed by Albin et al. (1989), and is shown in Fig. 2. Two routes are available for striatal modulation of the output nuclei: (1) a `direct pathway' in which GABAergic output from striatum is able to ...
... The prevailing model of the functional architecture intrinsic to the basal ganglia was originally proposed by Albin et al. (1989), and is shown in Fig. 2. Two routes are available for striatal modulation of the output nuclei: (1) a `direct pathway' in which GABAergic output from striatum is able to ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... and C, are shown. Group B neurons obtain neurotrophic factors from four sources: (i) from target cells or neurons [group A neurons secrete this neurotrophic factor (red dots) which binds to receptors on the axon terminals of neurons B, and is internalized and retrogradely transported (direction of r ...
... and C, are shown. Group B neurons obtain neurotrophic factors from four sources: (i) from target cells or neurons [group A neurons secrete this neurotrophic factor (red dots) which binds to receptors on the axon terminals of neurons B, and is internalized and retrogradely transported (direction of r ...
Differential effects of 10-Hz and 40
... separate attention systems with somewhat different time courses and effects on behavior and neural activity. While these EEG and MEG studies have provided insight into the links between neural activity and behavior, the evidence obtained using these methods is ultimately only correlational. Demonstr ...
... separate attention systems with somewhat different time courses and effects on behavior and neural activity. While these EEG and MEG studies have provided insight into the links between neural activity and behavior, the evidence obtained using these methods is ultimately only correlational. Demonstr ...