as a PDF
... of tolerance to alcohol (EtOH). Methods: An EtOH-inhalation model was used to induce tolerance, as measured by EtOH-induced sedation and hypothermia after a 24 h withdrawal period. Two drug treatment procedures, (i) co-treatment with EtOH and (ii) acute drug administration following chronic EtOH tre ...
... of tolerance to alcohol (EtOH). Methods: An EtOH-inhalation model was used to induce tolerance, as measured by EtOH-induced sedation and hypothermia after a 24 h withdrawal period. Two drug treatment procedures, (i) co-treatment with EtOH and (ii) acute drug administration following chronic EtOH tre ...
Role for epithelial Na channels and putative Na /H
... indicate that amiloride and benzamil significantly suppressed Na1 influx through Na1/H1 exchange with apparent inhibitor constant (Ki ) values in the range of 1.4–300 µM and 100–700 µM, respectively. The exact Ki values for amiloride and benzamil seemed to depend on which tissue and Na1/H1 exchange ...
... indicate that amiloride and benzamil significantly suppressed Na1 influx through Na1/H1 exchange with apparent inhibitor constant (Ki ) values in the range of 1.4–300 µM and 100–700 µM, respectively. The exact Ki values for amiloride and benzamil seemed to depend on which tissue and Na1/H1 exchange ...
pharmacological manipulation of cb1 receptor
... CP-55,940 and EtOH inhalation, (iii) chronic CP-55,940 treatment, and (iv) vehicle (pyrazole) administration. Groups treated with the CB1 agonist received CP-55,940 (0.4 mg/kg) 24 and 1 h prior to the beginning of the 72-h inhalation protocol and twice daily for 2.5 days. Acute effects of CP-55,940 ...
... CP-55,940 and EtOH inhalation, (iii) chronic CP-55,940 treatment, and (iv) vehicle (pyrazole) administration. Groups treated with the CB1 agonist received CP-55,940 (0.4 mg/kg) 24 and 1 h prior to the beginning of the 72-h inhalation protocol and twice daily for 2.5 days. Acute effects of CP-55,940 ...
JIPBS Simple UV spectrophotometric assay of Furosemide Original Article
... is used that is in decompensate heart failure, when we require rapid diuretic action and intestinal absorption may be delayed because of gastrointestinal oedema Thus, time to peak, lag time and peak of serum concentration may differ in compensated when compared with decompensate patients after the o ...
... is used that is in decompensate heart failure, when we require rapid diuretic action and intestinal absorption may be delayed because of gastrointestinal oedema Thus, time to peak, lag time and peak of serum concentration may differ in compensated when compared with decompensate patients after the o ...
Frequency, Type and Causes of Medication Errors in Pediatric
... Today, patient safety is deemed a very important issue for our healthcare system and health care providers(1) and in this regard medication errors are used as the index to assess patient safety in hospitals. Medication errors are one of the most common medical errors(2) and its incidence rate have b ...
... Today, patient safety is deemed a very important issue for our healthcare system and health care providers(1) and in this regard medication errors are used as the index to assess patient safety in hospitals. Medication errors are one of the most common medical errors(2) and its incidence rate have b ...
drug registration guidance document
... Amendment to the whole paragraph - ‘The Director of Pharmaceutical Services may issue directive or guidelines to any person or a group of persons as he thinks necessary for the better carrying out of the provisions of these Regulations and which in particular relate to - (a) product quality, safet ...
... Amendment to the whole paragraph - ‘The Director of Pharmaceutical Services may issue directive or guidelines to any person or a group of persons as he thinks necessary for the better carrying out of the provisions of these Regulations and which in particular relate to - (a) product quality, safet ...
Dosage Adjustment for Cytotoxics in Renal Impairment
... SPC (Mayne pharma) – If creatinine 177-354mol/L, give 50% dose. If creatinine >354mol/L, further reduction is necessary. The rate of excretion is highly influenced by renal function; concentrations in plasma are greatly elevated if usual doses are given to patients with renal impairment with only ...
... SPC (Mayne pharma) – If creatinine 177-354mol/L, give 50% dose. If creatinine >354mol/L, further reduction is necessary. The rate of excretion is highly influenced by renal function; concentrations in plasma are greatly elevated if usual doses are given to patients with renal impairment with only ...
TECTONA GRANDIS Research Article NEHA KHERA
... between the action of Tectona grandis methanolic extract and a known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg p.o). The methanolic extract of Tectona grandis linn. root was administered orally at different doses to normal rats. The methanolic extract at 500 mg/kg dose level exhibited significant ( ...
... between the action of Tectona grandis methanolic extract and a known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg p.o). The methanolic extract of Tectona grandis linn. root was administered orally at different doses to normal rats. The methanolic extract at 500 mg/kg dose level exhibited significant ( ...
2015.06.25_Vancomycin DS
... where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone, which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of "Resistant" indicates that the pathoge ...
... where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone, which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of "Resistant" indicates that the pathoge ...
In Vivo Criteria To Differentiate Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors from
... al., 1995). It is unlikely that this would be a property of releasing agents, assuming that they produce depolarizationindependent release of 5-HT. 4) Because both reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents such as fenfluramine bind to the 5-HT carrier, pretreatment with reuptake inhibitors can attenu ...
... al., 1995). It is unlikely that this would be a property of releasing agents, assuming that they produce depolarizationindependent release of 5-HT. 4) Because both reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents such as fenfluramine bind to the 5-HT carrier, pretreatment with reuptake inhibitors can attenu ...
Exploring morphology and drug interactions in pancreatic cancer
... were examined in combination studies for possible synergistic anti-cancer effects. The automated and highly miniaturised 1536-well 3D cell culture assay allowed preclinical drug combination studies to be performed in a high throughput manner. A number of drug combinations displayed synergistic activ ...
... were examined in combination studies for possible synergistic anti-cancer effects. The automated and highly miniaturised 1536-well 3D cell culture assay allowed preclinical drug combination studies to be performed in a high throughput manner. A number of drug combinations displayed synergistic activ ...
P M harmacist’s anual
... This manual has been prepared by the Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control, as a guide to assist pharmacists in their understanding of the Federal Controlled Substances Act and its implementing regulations as they pertain to the pharmacy profession. The 2010 edition replaces a ...
... This manual has been prepared by the Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control, as a guide to assist pharmacists in their understanding of the Federal Controlled Substances Act and its implementing regulations as they pertain to the pharmacy profession. The 2010 edition replaces a ...
Full-Text PDF
... Even though the use of nanocarriers as drug-delivery systems offers many advantages, Even though the use of nanocarriers as drug-delivery systems offers many advantages, some some drawbacks need to be addressed, e.g., instability during blood circulation, low renal clearance, drawbacks need to be ad ...
... Even though the use of nanocarriers as drug-delivery systems offers many advantages, Even though the use of nanocarriers as drug-delivery systems offers many advantages, some some drawbacks need to be addressed, e.g., instability during blood circulation, low renal clearance, drawbacks need to be ad ...
methotrexate - Cancer Care Ontario
... Methotrexate has been in clinical use since 1948. This drug itself and its active metabolites compete for the folate binding site of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Folic acid must be reduced to tetrahydrofolic acid by this enzyme for DNA synthesis and cellular replication to occur. Competitive ...
... Methotrexate has been in clinical use since 1948. This drug itself and its active metabolites compete for the folate binding site of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Folic acid must be reduced to tetrahydrofolic acid by this enzyme for DNA synthesis and cellular replication to occur. Competitive ...
Therapeutic and pharmacological potential of Foeniculum vulgare Mill
... Nowadays medicinal herbs are good alternative to chemical drugs, one of the major reason for this is low side effect compared to chemical drugs (3,4). Plants have always played an important role in the health and treatment of human society (5). Medicinal herbs have fewer side effects than synthetic ...
... Nowadays medicinal herbs are good alternative to chemical drugs, one of the major reason for this is low side effect compared to chemical drugs (3,4). Plants have always played an important role in the health and treatment of human society (5). Medicinal herbs have fewer side effects than synthetic ...
human pharmacology of ayahuasca - Multidisciplinary Association
... some areas of Ecuador and Colombia, this psychotropic tea is also known by many other vernacular names. The term caapi is employed in the river Vaupés, yajé or yagé in southern Colombia, Daime or Hoasca in Brazil, natema in Ecuador and pinde along the Pacific coast of Colombia. More than 70 indigeno ...
... some areas of Ecuador and Colombia, this psychotropic tea is also known by many other vernacular names. The term caapi is employed in the river Vaupés, yajé or yagé in southern Colombia, Daime or Hoasca in Brazil, natema in Ecuador and pinde along the Pacific coast of Colombia. More than 70 indigeno ...
Pharmaceutical Development Case Study: “ACE Tablets”
... Foreword The last decade has seen a significant transformation in pharmaceutical quality regulation from an empirical process to a more science and risk based approach. This case study is an extremely important document for helping guide FDA and the industry toward the “desired state” of pharmaceu ...
... Foreword The last decade has seen a significant transformation in pharmaceutical quality regulation from an empirical process to a more science and risk based approach. This case study is an extremely important document for helping guide FDA and the industry toward the “desired state” of pharmaceu ...
PDF Full-text
... observed after two days of incubation. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) was expressed as the lowest concentration of the drug that inhibited Mtb-growth or prevented change in color of the resazurin from blue to pink based on a REMA. 2.6. Evaluation of Drug Susceptibility of M. tuberculosis ...
... observed after two days of incubation. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) was expressed as the lowest concentration of the drug that inhibited Mtb-growth or prevented change in color of the resazurin from blue to pink based on a REMA. 2.6. Evaluation of Drug Susceptibility of M. tuberculosis ...
Dosage Adjustment for Cytotoxics in Renal Impairment
... SPC (Mayne pharma) – If creatinine 177-354μmol/L, give 50% dose. If creatinine >354μmol/L, further reduction is necessary. The rate of excretion is highly influenced by renal function; concentrations in plasma are greatly elevated if usual doses are given to patients with renal impairment with only ...
... SPC (Mayne pharma) – If creatinine 177-354μmol/L, give 50% dose. If creatinine >354μmol/L, further reduction is necessary. The rate of excretion is highly influenced by renal function; concentrations in plasma are greatly elevated if usual doses are given to patients with renal impairment with only ...
Neuropharmacological Dissection of Placebo
... naloxone blocked placebo analgesia only partially, suggesting that both opioid and nonopioid components play an important role. The activation of opioid or nonopioid systems represent only the final pathway of a complex mechanism that is poorly understood. In the typical paradigm used to produce pla ...
... naloxone blocked placebo analgesia only partially, suggesting that both opioid and nonopioid components play an important role. The activation of opioid or nonopioid systems represent only the final pathway of a complex mechanism that is poorly understood. In the typical paradigm used to produce pla ...
The prokinetic cinitapride has no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic
... maximum daily doses for ketoconazole, the higher single dose posology is not used clinically and has been shown to have itself a significant effect on the QTc interval (Chaikin et al., 2005) that would confound the object of the study. In any event, the dose of 200 mg even once daily has been used f ...
... maximum daily doses for ketoconazole, the higher single dose posology is not used clinically and has been shown to have itself a significant effect on the QTc interval (Chaikin et al., 2005) that would confound the object of the study. In any event, the dose of 200 mg even once daily has been used f ...
Toward Understanding the Biology of a Complex Phenotype: Rat
... effects on the percent PPI prompted separate analyses to assess the relationship of these effects to drug-induced changes in startle magnitude on PUL SE and PREPUL SE trials. An important issue raised by K inney et al. (1999) and in many previous reports (Mansbach et al., 1988; Davis et al., 1990; S ...
... effects on the percent PPI prompted separate analyses to assess the relationship of these effects to drug-induced changes in startle magnitude on PUL SE and PREPUL SE trials. An important issue raised by K inney et al. (1999) and in many previous reports (Mansbach et al., 1988; Davis et al., 1990; S ...
PrZOFRAN® Tablets, Oral Solution and Injection PrZOFRAN® ODT
... therefore recommended and a total daily dose of 8 mg should not be exceeded. This may be given as a single intravenous or oral dose. Ondansetron does not itself appear to induce or inhibit the cytochrome P450 drugmetabolizing enzyme system of the liver. Because ondansetron is metabolised by hepatic ...
... therefore recommended and a total daily dose of 8 mg should not be exceeded. This may be given as a single intravenous or oral dose. Ondansetron does not itself appear to induce or inhibit the cytochrome P450 drugmetabolizing enzyme system of the liver. Because ondansetron is metabolised by hepatic ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF
... was comparable. For B17MP, Cmax (794 ± 316 vs 663 ± 329 pg/mL), AUC0-t (3076 ± 1102 vs 2773 ± 833 pg.h/mL) and AUC0-30min (296 ± 11.7 vs 230 ± 13.3 pg.h/mL) were slightly higher, but not statistically significant, with the fixed than with the free combination. For formoterol, neither Cmax (27.6 ± 12 ...
... was comparable. For B17MP, Cmax (794 ± 316 vs 663 ± 329 pg/mL), AUC0-t (3076 ± 1102 vs 2773 ± 833 pg.h/mL) and AUC0-30min (296 ± 11.7 vs 230 ± 13.3 pg.h/mL) were slightly higher, but not statistically significant, with the fixed than with the free combination. For formoterol, neither Cmax (27.6 ± 12 ...
Drug interaction
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug) affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together. This action can be synergistic (when the drug's effect is increased) or antagonistic (when the drug's effect is decreased) or a new effect can be produced that neither produces on its own. Typically, interactions between drugs come to mind (drug-drug interaction). However, interactions may also exist between drugs and foods (drug-food interactions), as well as drugs and medicinal plants or herbs (drug-plant interactions). People taking antidepressant drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors should not take food containing tyramine as hypertensive crisis may occur (an example of a drug-food interaction). These interactions may occur out of accidental misuse or due to lack of knowledge about the active ingredients involved in the relevant substances.It is therefore easy to see the importance of these pharmacological interactions in the practice of medicine. If a patient is taking two drugs and one of them increases the effect of the other it is possible that an overdose may occur. The interaction of the two drugs may also increase the risk that side effects will occur. On the other hand, if the action of a drug is reduced it may cease to have any therapeutic use because of under dosage. Notwithstanding the above, on occasion these interactions may be sought in order to obtain an improved therapeutic effect. Examples of this include the use of codeine with paracetamol to increase its analgesic effect. Or the combination of clavulanic acid with amoxicillin in order to overcome bacterial resistance to the antibiotic. It should also be remembered that there are interactions that, from a theoretical standpoint, may occur but in clinical practice have no important repercussions.The pharmaceutical interactions that are of special interest to the practice of medicine are primarily those that have negative effects for an organism. The risk that a pharmacological interaction will appear increases as a function of the number of drugs administered to a patient at the same time.It is possible that an interaction will occur between a drug and another substance present in the organism (i.e. foods or alcohol). Or in certain specific situations a drug may even react with itself, such as occurs with dehydration. In other situations, the interaction does not involve any effect on the drug. In certain cases, the presence of a drug in an individual's blood may affect certain types of laboratory analysis (analytical interference).It is also possible for interactions to occur outside an organism before administration of the drugs has taken place. This can occur when two drugs are mixed, for example, in a saline solution prior to intravenous injection. Some classic examples of this type of interaction include that Thiopentone and Suxamethonium should not be placed in the same syringe and same is true for Benzylpenicillin and Heparin. These situations will all be discussed under the same heading due to their conceptual similarity.Drug interactions may be the result of various processes. These processes may include alterations in the pharmacokinetics of the drug, such as alterations in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug. Alternatively, drug interactions may be the result of the pharmacodynamic properties of the drug, e.g. the co-administration of a receptor antagonist and an agonist for the same receptor.