Chapter 4: Experimental Techniques
... the sample and of a series of standards. The standards contain known concentrations of the metal being analysed and are used to construct a calibration curve (see below). The atomic absorption spectrometer (Fig. 4.6) contains either a flame atomizer, a graphite furnace or an electrically heated atom ...
... the sample and of a series of standards. The standards contain known concentrations of the metal being analysed and are used to construct a calibration curve (see below). The atomic absorption spectrometer (Fig. 4.6) contains either a flame atomizer, a graphite furnace or an electrically heated atom ...
Resolved-Sideband Raman Cooling of a Bound Atom to the 3D Zero
... n = 0 zero-point energy of the binding potential. In this Letter, we demonstrate a new technique for laser cooling a trapped atom to the 3D zero-point energy. Attainment of the 3D ground state is significant for two primary reasons: (i) it appears to be a goal of intrinsic interest as it is the fund ...
... n = 0 zero-point energy of the binding potential. In this Letter, we demonstrate a new technique for laser cooling a trapped atom to the 3D zero-point energy. Attainment of the 3D ground state is significant for two primary reasons: (i) it appears to be a goal of intrinsic interest as it is the fund ...
Electronic Structure of Clusters and Nanocrystals
... density (Eq. §.14) have existed since the 1920’s. For example, the ThomasFermi description, based on a knowledge of ρ(~r), was on the first attempts at quantitative theory for the electronic structure of atoms [6–8]. However, most treatments of density functional theory begin by considering a free e ...
... density (Eq. §.14) have existed since the 1920’s. For example, the ThomasFermi description, based on a knowledge of ρ(~r), was on the first attempts at quantitative theory for the electronic structure of atoms [6–8]. However, most treatments of density functional theory begin by considering a free e ...
One-phonon relaxation of localized electronic states in anharmonic nanoparticles
... the acoustic gap that becomes possible because of an uncertainty in the phonon energy originating from intrinsic phonon relaxation. Intrinsic relaxation of phonons, in turn, can have many origins. One of them, which is always present, is phonon–phonon interaction due to anharmonicity of the crystal. ...
... the acoustic gap that becomes possible because of an uncertainty in the phonon energy originating from intrinsic phonon relaxation. Intrinsic relaxation of phonons, in turn, can have many origins. One of them, which is always present, is phonon–phonon interaction due to anharmonicity of the crystal. ...
The roles of electronic exchange and correlation in charge
... all interactions were smoothly tapered to zero at 16 Å over a 2 Å range with a group-based cutoff.59,60 A. MQC dynamics propagation ...
... all interactions were smoothly tapered to zero at 16 Å over a 2 Å range with a group-based cutoff.59,60 A. MQC dynamics propagation ...
Interband optical investigation of Bloch oscillations in semiconductor superlattices TOPICAL REVIEW
... In particular, it was shown that negative differential velocity (NDV) occurs at higher fields [22], confirming the prediction of Esaki and Tsu. The observation of NDV is caused by the fact that many of the electrons reach higher parts of the miniband with negative effective mass, i.e. the real-space ...
... In particular, it was shown that negative differential velocity (NDV) occurs at higher fields [22], confirming the prediction of Esaki and Tsu. The observation of NDV is caused by the fact that many of the electrons reach higher parts of the miniband with negative effective mass, i.e. the real-space ...
OSA journals template (MSWORD)
... the detection noise level. At this particular frequency, the value of the LOFI gain is simply given by the ratio between the power density levels of the detection noise and of the shot noise. In the same paper [17] we have also theoretically compared the SNR of a LOFI setup (autodyne interferometer) ...
... the detection noise level. At this particular frequency, the value of the LOFI gain is simply given by the ratio between the power density levels of the detection noise and of the shot noise. In the same paper [17] we have also theoretically compared the SNR of a LOFI setup (autodyne interferometer) ...
Chapter 2. Electronic, Vibrational and Spin
... “Hamiltonian” operator and corresponds to a mathematical “operator” (a mathematical procedure that changes one function into another) for the possible energies of the system. These energies may be the electronic energies of the molecule, the vibration energies of the molecule or the spin energies of ...
... “Hamiltonian” operator and corresponds to a mathematical “operator” (a mathematical procedure that changes one function into another) for the possible energies of the system. These energies may be the electronic energies of the molecule, the vibration energies of the molecule or the spin energies of ...
CHAPTER 15 ACIDS AND BASES
... At pH 1.00 the concentration of hydrogen ion is 0.10 M (Why only two significant figures?) This will tend to suppress the ionization of the weak acid (LeChatelier's principle, Section 14.5). The extra hydrogen ion shifts the position of equilibrium in the direction of the un-ionized acid, and to two ...
... At pH 1.00 the concentration of hydrogen ion is 0.10 M (Why only two significant figures?) This will tend to suppress the ionization of the weak acid (LeChatelier's principle, Section 14.5). The extra hydrogen ion shifts the position of equilibrium in the direction of the un-ionized acid, and to two ...
Ionization
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after collisions with sub atomic particles, collisions with other atoms, molecules and ions, or through the interaction with light. Heterolytic bond cleavage and heterolytic substitution reactions can result in the formation of ion pairs. Ionization can occur through radioactive decay by the internal conversion process, in which an excited nucleus transfers its energy to one of the inner-shell electrons causing it to be ejected.