Descriptive Chemistry of Elements d-Block
... a transition metal since it forms Cu2+ with the electron configuration [Ar]3d94s0, Cu also forms coloured compounds. Normally, Sc and Zn are not considered as transition elements as Sc forms only Sc3+ with no d-electrons (3d0) whilst Zn forms only Zn2+ with a full d-sub shell (3d10). In some text bo ...
... a transition metal since it forms Cu2+ with the electron configuration [Ar]3d94s0, Cu also forms coloured compounds. Normally, Sc and Zn are not considered as transition elements as Sc forms only Sc3+ with no d-electrons (3d0) whilst Zn forms only Zn2+ with a full d-sub shell (3d10). In some text bo ...
Personal Tutoring Help on Questions and Problems
... Atomic Mass Review Questions: 3.1 – 3.4 (page 107) Problems: 3.5 – 3.8 (page 107) Avogadro’s Number and Molar Mass Review Questions: 3.9 – 3.10 (page 107) Problems: 3.11 – 3.22 (page 107) Molecular Mass Problems: 3.23 – 3.30 (page 108) ...
... Atomic Mass Review Questions: 3.1 – 3.4 (page 107) Problems: 3.5 – 3.8 (page 107) Avogadro’s Number and Molar Mass Review Questions: 3.9 – 3.10 (page 107) Problems: 3.11 – 3.22 (page 107) Molecular Mass Problems: 3.23 – 3.30 (page 108) ...
Topic 9 - Anderson High School
... Can you tell which is being oxidized? If not, then we need to use oxidation numbers. ...
... Can you tell which is being oxidized? If not, then we need to use oxidation numbers. ...
published a paper
... to a terminal alcohol. Interestingly, reduction of pR1-PR with NaBH4 prior to reaction with 6SGua resulted in no product formation (Figure 5, lanes 1–4, pR1-PR reaction without NaBH4 pretreatment, and lanes 5–8, with NaBH4 pretreatment). This is consistent with the interpretation that the aldehyde f ...
... to a terminal alcohol. Interestingly, reduction of pR1-PR with NaBH4 prior to reaction with 6SGua resulted in no product formation (Figure 5, lanes 1–4, pR1-PR reaction without NaBH4 pretreatment, and lanes 5–8, with NaBH4 pretreatment). This is consistent with the interpretation that the aldehyde f ...
Thermochemistry and calorimetry
... The most common types of calorimeters contain a known quantity of water which absorbs the heat released by the reaction. Because the specific heat capacity of water (4.184 J g–1 K–1) is known to high precision, a measurement of its temperature rise due to the reaction enables one to calculate the qu ...
... The most common types of calorimeters contain a known quantity of water which absorbs the heat released by the reaction. Because the specific heat capacity of water (4.184 J g–1 K–1) is known to high precision, a measurement of its temperature rise due to the reaction enables one to calculate the qu ...
thermodynamics
... 58. Derive the relationship between ∆H and ∆U for an ideal gas. Explain each term involved in the equation. 59. Extensive properties depend on the quantity of matter but intensive properties do not. Explain whether the following properties are extensive or intensive. Mass, internal energy, pressure, ...
... 58. Derive the relationship between ∆H and ∆U for an ideal gas. Explain each term involved in the equation. 59. Extensive properties depend on the quantity of matter but intensive properties do not. Explain whether the following properties are extensive or intensive. Mass, internal energy, pressure, ...
Answers to examination questions
... The oxygen molecule (O O) contains one double bond; the carbon dioxide molecule (O C O) contains two double bond and the tetrafluoroethene molecule contains one double bond. ...
... The oxygen molecule (O O) contains one double bond; the carbon dioxide molecule (O C O) contains two double bond and the tetrafluoroethene molecule contains one double bond. ...
C:\SUBJECTS\SUBJECTS\Chemistry
... Naphthalene when heated melts at 354K (81oC) . At this temperature the molecules of naphthalene . A. decompose into smaller molecules B. change their shape C. are oxidized by atmospheric oxygen D. contract E. become mobile as the inter molecular forces are broken. The ration of the number of molecul ...
... Naphthalene when heated melts at 354K (81oC) . At this temperature the molecules of naphthalene . A. decompose into smaller molecules B. change their shape C. are oxidized by atmospheric oxygen D. contract E. become mobile as the inter molecular forces are broken. The ration of the number of molecul ...
class notes 4
... b. Acid-Base Reaction: An acid and a base are mixed and we get water and a salt, when the acid and base switch partners. Acid-base reactions always go. c. Gas-Evolution Reaction: Two aqueous solutions are mixed and one product is a gas. Must have gas formed or it won’t go. II. ...
... b. Acid-Base Reaction: An acid and a base are mixed and we get water and a salt, when the acid and base switch partners. Acid-base reactions always go. c. Gas-Evolution Reaction: Two aqueous solutions are mixed and one product is a gas. Must have gas formed or it won’t go. II. ...
Amines - ncert
... FeCl2 formed gets hydrolysed to release hydrochloric acid during the reaction. Thus, only a small amount of hydrochloric acid is required to initiate the reaction. 2. Ammonolysis of alkyl halides You have read (Unit 10, Class XII) that the carbon - halogen bond in alkyl or benzyl halides can be easi ...
... FeCl2 formed gets hydrolysed to release hydrochloric acid during the reaction. Thus, only a small amount of hydrochloric acid is required to initiate the reaction. 2. Ammonolysis of alkyl halides You have read (Unit 10, Class XII) that the carbon - halogen bond in alkyl or benzyl halides can be easi ...
Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy and the Direction of
... 3. Dissolution of a solid or liquid S0 of a dissolved solid or liquid is usually greater than the S0 of the pure solute. However, the extent depends upon the nature of the solute and solvent. 4. Dissolution of a gas A gas becomes more ordered when it dissolves in a liquid or solid. 5. Atomic size or ...
... 3. Dissolution of a solid or liquid S0 of a dissolved solid or liquid is usually greater than the S0 of the pure solute. However, the extent depends upon the nature of the solute and solvent. 4. Dissolution of a gas A gas becomes more ordered when it dissolves in a liquid or solid. 5. Atomic size or ...
SCH3U Chemistry 11 Course Notes 2015
... In any lab exercise, safety is the first priority, & is the responsibility of every individual in the room. The purpose of these safety rules is to ensure a safe environment for everyone, & it is extremely important that they are followed during a lab. Students who do not comply with these safety ru ...
... In any lab exercise, safety is the first priority, & is the responsibility of every individual in the room. The purpose of these safety rules is to ensure a safe environment for everyone, & it is extremely important that they are followed during a lab. Students who do not comply with these safety ru ...
ap 2005 chemistry_b scoring guidelines - AP Central
... (c) The molecules of which gas, N2 or H2 , have the greater average speed? Justify your answer. H2(g) molecules will have the greater average speed. Both gases have the same average kinetic energy, but H2(g) has the smaller molar mass. Therefore, the H2(g) molecules will have a greater average speed ...
... (c) The molecules of which gas, N2 or H2 , have the greater average speed? Justify your answer. H2(g) molecules will have the greater average speed. Both gases have the same average kinetic energy, but H2(g) has the smaller molar mass. Therefore, the H2(g) molecules will have a greater average speed ...
Chemical Reactions - Effingham County Schools
... Propane burns in excess oxygen according to the following reaction. ...
... Propane burns in excess oxygen according to the following reaction. ...
Key Words Questions and Problems
... 3.80 Give an everyday example that illustrates the limiting reagent concept. If 0.740 g of O3 reacts with 0.670 g of NO, how many grams of NO2 will be produced? Which comProblems pound is the limiting reagent? Calculate the number of moles of the excess reagent remaining at the end •• 3.81 Consider ...
... 3.80 Give an everyday example that illustrates the limiting reagent concept. If 0.740 g of O3 reacts with 0.670 g of NO, how many grams of NO2 will be produced? Which comProblems pound is the limiting reagent? Calculate the number of moles of the excess reagent remaining at the end •• 3.81 Consider ...
Thermodynamics and Equilibrium
... the spontaneity of a reaction. 1. When Go is a large negative number (more negative than about –10 kJ), the reaction is spontaneous as written, and the reactants transform almost entirely to products when equilibrium is reached. ...
... the spontaneity of a reaction. 1. When Go is a large negative number (more negative than about –10 kJ), the reaction is spontaneous as written, and the reactants transform almost entirely to products when equilibrium is reached. ...
OCR answers to the examination questions File
... all six carbon atoms. • In benzene all the bonds are the same length between the lengths of the single and double bonds. Phenol is more reactive because the ring is activated. The lone pair from the oxygen on the ring is delocalised into the ring so electrophiles are more attracted to the ...
... all six carbon atoms. • In benzene all the bonds are the same length between the lengths of the single and double bonds. Phenol is more reactive because the ring is activated. The lone pair from the oxygen on the ring is delocalised into the ring so electrophiles are more attracted to the ...
13AP General Equilibrium FR worksheet (missing 1988)
... (c) Give the expression for the equilibrium constant (either Kp or Kc) for the decomposition of SO2Cl2(g) at 375 K. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant you have given, and specify its units. (d) If the temperature were raised to 500 K, what effect would this have on the equilibrium const ...
... (c) Give the expression for the equilibrium constant (either Kp or Kc) for the decomposition of SO2Cl2(g) at 375 K. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant you have given, and specify its units. (d) If the temperature were raised to 500 K, what effect would this have on the equilibrium const ...
Chemistry Olympiad Support Booklet
... use their calculator properly to determine the H+ concentration as 3.7 x 10–3 mol dm–3. (e) The percentage of HCOOH molecules ionising is therefore: ...
... use their calculator properly to determine the H+ concentration as 3.7 x 10–3 mol dm–3. (e) The percentage of HCOOH molecules ionising is therefore: ...
pH scale. Buffer solutions. Colligative properties of solutions
... color A of the indicator in the given solution is measured, the pH of the solution can be evaluated. In theory, the ratio of the intensities of color B to color A may have any value, but in practice it is possible to detect the proportions of the two colors in a mixture within certain limits only. I ...
... color A of the indicator in the given solution is measured, the pH of the solution can be evaluated. In theory, the ratio of the intensities of color B to color A may have any value, but in practice it is possible to detect the proportions of the two colors in a mixture within certain limits only. I ...
Answers - logo Pre-U Chemistry Textbook
... which leads to a bond angle of 120°. The nitrogen in ammonia has three bonding pairs and one lone pair of electrons. The repulsion is greatest between the lone pair and the bonding pairs. This leads to a squashing of the tetrahedral angle leading to a pyramidal shape with an HNH bond angle of 107°. ...
... which leads to a bond angle of 120°. The nitrogen in ammonia has three bonding pairs and one lone pair of electrons. The repulsion is greatest between the lone pair and the bonding pairs. This leads to a squashing of the tetrahedral angle leading to a pyramidal shape with an HNH bond angle of 107°. ...
Lewis acid catalysis
In Lewis acid catalysis of organic reactions, a metal-based Lewis acid acts as an electron pair acceptor to increase the reactivity of a substrate. Common Lewis acid catalysts are based on main group metals such as aluminum, boron, silicon, and tin, as well as many early (titanium, zirconium) and late (iron, copper, zinc) d-block metals. The metal atom forms an adduct with a lone-pair bearing electronegative atom in the substrate, such as oxygen (both sp2 or sp3), nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. The complexation has partial charge-transfer character and makes the lone-pair donor effectively more electronegative, activating the substrate toward nucleophilic attack, heterolytic bond cleavage, or cycloaddition with 1,3-dienes and 1,3-dipoles.Many classical reactions involving carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond formation can be catalyzed by Lewis acids. Examples include the Friedel-Crafts reaction, the aldol reaction, and various pericyclic processes that proceed slowly at room temperature, such as the Diels-Alder reaction and the ene reaction. In addition to accelerating the reactions, Lewis acid catalysts are able to impose regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in many cases.Early developments in Lewis acid reagents focused on easily available compounds such as TiCl4, BF3, SnCl4, and AlCl3. The relative strengths of these (and other) Lewis acids may be estimated from NMR spectroscopy by the Childs method or the Gutmann-Beckett method. Over the years, versatile catalysts bearing ligands designed for specific applications have facilitated improvement in both reactivity and selectivity of Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions. More recently, Lewis acid catalysts with chiral ligands have become an important class of tools for asymmetric catalysis.Challenges in the development of Lewis acid catalysis include inefficient catalyst turnover (caused by catalyst affinity for the product) and the frequent requirement of two-point binding for stereoselectivity, which often necessitates the use of auxiliary groups.