KHARKOV STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
... IIB group consists of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). This group has a characteristic oxidation state of +2, except for mercury which also forms +1 compounds. Mercurous ion, Hg(I) is unique in the sense that it consists of two atoms of mercury linked by a covalent bond. Mercurous ion, is t ...
... IIB group consists of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). This group has a characteristic oxidation state of +2, except for mercury which also forms +1 compounds. Mercurous ion, Hg(I) is unique in the sense that it consists of two atoms of mercury linked by a covalent bond. Mercurous ion, is t ...
getting started 3.1 hydrocarbons
... 1. A functional group is a structural arrangement of atoms that, because of their electronegativity and bonding type, imparts particular characteristics to the molecule. 2. C=C and C)C bonds are more reactive than C–C bonds because the second and third bonds formed are weaker than the single bonds f ...
... 1. A functional group is a structural arrangement of atoms that, because of their electronegativity and bonding type, imparts particular characteristics to the molecule. 2. C=C and C)C bonds are more reactive than C–C bonds because the second and third bonds formed are weaker than the single bonds f ...
ANALYSIS OF THE SILVER GROUP CATIONS
... 1. Some observations that may be made early in the analysis often turn out to be useful later. For example, AgCl acquires a slight purplish tint on standing in light for a while. Also, the crystals of PbCl2 look more like snow than the denser solid, AgCl. 2. In separating these ions from others, it ...
... 1. Some observations that may be made early in the analysis often turn out to be useful later. For example, AgCl acquires a slight purplish tint on standing in light for a while. Also, the crystals of PbCl2 look more like snow than the denser solid, AgCl. 2. In separating these ions from others, it ...
Wilhelm Ostwald, the Father of Physical Chemistry
... addition to these colossal pieces of work, he performed very interesting research on the sidelines in various fields. This includes identifying the growth phenomenon of sol particles which is popularly called Ostwald ripening, development of a viscometer, a theory of colours and even philosophy. Zei ...
... addition to these colossal pieces of work, he performed very interesting research on the sidelines in various fields. This includes identifying the growth phenomenon of sol particles which is popularly called Ostwald ripening, development of a viscometer, a theory of colours and even philosophy. Zei ...
Reaction Rates
... When the orientation of colliding molecules is correct, as shown in Figure 4c, a reaction can occur. An oxygen atom is transferred from an NO 2 molecule to a CO molecule. When this occurs, a short-lived entity called an activated complex is formed, in this case OCONO. An activated complex, sometimes ...
... When the orientation of colliding molecules is correct, as shown in Figure 4c, a reaction can occur. An oxygen atom is transferred from an NO 2 molecule to a CO molecule. When this occurs, a short-lived entity called an activated complex is formed, in this case OCONO. An activated complex, sometimes ...
California Standards Practice - Student Edition
... 10. The bonding characteristics of carbon allow the formation of many different organic molecules of varied sizes, shapes, and chemical properties and provide the biochemicalbasis of life. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know large molecules (polymers), such as proteins, nucle ...
... 10. The bonding characteristics of carbon allow the formation of many different organic molecules of varied sizes, shapes, and chemical properties and provide the biochemicalbasis of life. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know large molecules (polymers), such as proteins, nucle ...
equilibrium - TeacherWeb
... EQUILIBRIUM Le Chatelier’s Principle – If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in temperature, pressure or the concentration of one of the components, the system will shift its equilibrium position so as to counteract the effect of the disturbance. 3 ways that a chemical equilibrium can ...
... EQUILIBRIUM Le Chatelier’s Principle – If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in temperature, pressure or the concentration of one of the components, the system will shift its equilibrium position so as to counteract the effect of the disturbance. 3 ways that a chemical equilibrium can ...
practice test 4 CHM 112
... 2. Alloys of iron that contain 1.0-1.5% carbon and some manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur are called A. steel. B. cast iron. C. coke. D. pig iron. E. hematite. ...
... 2. Alloys of iron that contain 1.0-1.5% carbon and some manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur are called A. steel. B. cast iron. C. coke. D. pig iron. E. hematite. ...
Otto F. Meyerhof - Nobel Lecture
... of glycogen is assumed, of which four are esterified with phosphoric acid and form eight molecules of lactic acid. In the second, aerobic phase these eight molecules of lactic acid disappear, while two of them, or alternatively, as we might equally well assume, one molecule of sugar, are burnt. The ...
... of glycogen is assumed, of which four are esterified with phosphoric acid and form eight molecules of lactic acid. In the second, aerobic phase these eight molecules of lactic acid disappear, while two of them, or alternatively, as we might equally well assume, one molecule of sugar, are burnt. The ...
Chapter 16: Reaction Rates
... When the orientation of colliding molecules is correct, as shown in Figure 16.4c, a reaction can occur. An oxygen atom is transferred from an NO 2 molecule to a CO molecule. When this occurs, a short-lived entity called an activated complex is formed, in this case OCONO. An activated complex, someti ...
... When the orientation of colliding molecules is correct, as shown in Figure 16.4c, a reaction can occur. An oxygen atom is transferred from an NO 2 molecule to a CO molecule. When this occurs, a short-lived entity called an activated complex is formed, in this case OCONO. An activated complex, someti ...
The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2) - Chemwiki
... of covalent compounds, have a polymeric halide-bridged structure in the solid state, as shown for BeCl2. These compounds are volatile, producing vapors that contain the linear X–Be–X molecules predicted by the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model. As expected for compounds with only f ...
... of covalent compounds, have a polymeric halide-bridged structure in the solid state, as shown for BeCl2. These compounds are volatile, producing vapors that contain the linear X–Be–X molecules predicted by the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model. As expected for compounds with only f ...
Stereochemistry - Kantipur Engineering College
... If the groups of higher priority on the double bonded carbons are on the same side then the compound is designated as Z (from German word zusammen; meaning together) and if the groups of higher priority on the double bonded carbons are on the opposite side then the compound is designated as E (from ...
... If the groups of higher priority on the double bonded carbons are on the same side then the compound is designated as Z (from German word zusammen; meaning together) and if the groups of higher priority on the double bonded carbons are on the opposite side then the compound is designated as E (from ...
Document
... The energy that flows into or out of a system because of a difference in temperature between the thermodynamic system and its surroundings. Heat flows spontaneously from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. • q is defined as positive if heat is absorbed by the system (hea ...
... The energy that flows into or out of a system because of a difference in temperature between the thermodynamic system and its surroundings. Heat flows spontaneously from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. • q is defined as positive if heat is absorbed by the system (hea ...
Notes - Text
... • This reaction is endothermic. • For an endothermic reaction (H > 0), heat can be considered as a reactant. • Thus, adding heat causes a shift in the forward direction. • The room-temperature equilibrium mixture is placed in a beaker of ice water. • The mixture turns bright pink. • This indicates ...
... • This reaction is endothermic. • For an endothermic reaction (H > 0), heat can be considered as a reactant. • Thus, adding heat causes a shift in the forward direction. • The room-temperature equilibrium mixture is placed in a beaker of ice water. • The mixture turns bright pink. • This indicates ...
1aUnit Two Handouts - Dunmore High School
... What is the role of water in this reaction? Explain ...
... What is the role of water in this reaction? Explain ...
COURSE STRUCTURE
... be made of same elements combined together in the same fixed ratio by mass. Law of multiple proportion : Two elements combined together to form two or more chemical compounds then the masses of the elements which combine with a fixed mass of another bear a simple ratio to one another. Gram atomic ma ...
... be made of same elements combined together in the same fixed ratio by mass. Law of multiple proportion : Two elements combined together to form two or more chemical compounds then the masses of the elements which combine with a fixed mass of another bear a simple ratio to one another. Gram atomic ma ...
Chapter 4
... This equation says that all sodium chloride that enters the solution ends up as Na1 and Cl2 ions; there are no undissociated NaCl units in solution. Table 4.1 lists examples of strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride, potassium iodide (KI ...
... This equation says that all sodium chloride that enters the solution ends up as Na1 and Cl2 ions; there are no undissociated NaCl units in solution. Table 4.1 lists examples of strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride, potassium iodide (KI ...
Thermochemistry Chem 2/H
... • All the products [CO2(g) and H2O(l)] must appear on the right. • All intermediate products [CH2O(g) and H2O(g)] must occur on both the left and the right so that they cancel. • A reaction written in the reverse of the direction given [ ] must have the sign of its ΔH° reversed ...
... • All the products [CO2(g) and H2O(l)] must appear on the right. • All intermediate products [CH2O(g) and H2O(g)] must occur on both the left and the right so that they cancel. • A reaction written in the reverse of the direction given [ ] must have the sign of its ΔH° reversed ...
Unit 10: Chemical Reactions
... or complex, desirable or undesirable, involve changing substances. One or more substances, the reactants, change into one or more new substances, the products. In writing reactions, you separate the reactants from the products by writing an arrow (→). The arrow means “yields” or “reacts to produce.” ...
... or complex, desirable or undesirable, involve changing substances. One or more substances, the reactants, change into one or more new substances, the products. In writing reactions, you separate the reactants from the products by writing an arrow (→). The arrow means “yields” or “reacts to produce.” ...
Gas Stoichiometry
... Example of a Gas Stoichiometry Problem Airbags in automobiles contain sodium azide (NaN3), potassium nitrate, and silicon dioxide. (All are solids.) 1. Upon impact, the bag is inflated by the thermal decomposition of sodium azide (NaN3) to sodium metal and nitrogen gas. 2. Because sodium is toxic a ...
... Example of a Gas Stoichiometry Problem Airbags in automobiles contain sodium azide (NaN3), potassium nitrate, and silicon dioxide. (All are solids.) 1. Upon impact, the bag is inflated by the thermal decomposition of sodium azide (NaN3) to sodium metal and nitrogen gas. 2. Because sodium is toxic a ...
Chemistry 3202 Grading Standards June 2006
... solution of sodium carbonate. The flasks were rinsed with a sodium carbonate stock solution before the samples of hydrochloric acid were added. Explain what effect this would have on the calculated concentration of acid. Answer: The calculated concentration of hydrochloric acid would be lower becaus ...
... solution of sodium carbonate. The flasks were rinsed with a sodium carbonate stock solution before the samples of hydrochloric acid were added. Explain what effect this would have on the calculated concentration of acid. Answer: The calculated concentration of hydrochloric acid would be lower becaus ...
BSc/MSci Course Unit Examination - QMplus
... (e) State with reasoning, whether the molecule BO is likely to exist. ...
... (e) State with reasoning, whether the molecule BO is likely to exist. ...
- sartep.com
... 55._______________Is used to explain the fact that the carbon-to-oxygen bonds in carbonate are identical 56._______________Is used to explain the fact that sodium chloride is a solid at room temperature 57._______________Is used to explain why iodine molecules are held together in the solid state 58 ...
... 55._______________Is used to explain the fact that the carbon-to-oxygen bonds in carbonate are identical 56._______________Is used to explain the fact that sodium chloride is a solid at room temperature 57._______________Is used to explain why iodine molecules are held together in the solid state 58 ...
Lewis acid catalysis
In Lewis acid catalysis of organic reactions, a metal-based Lewis acid acts as an electron pair acceptor to increase the reactivity of a substrate. Common Lewis acid catalysts are based on main group metals such as aluminum, boron, silicon, and tin, as well as many early (titanium, zirconium) and late (iron, copper, zinc) d-block metals. The metal atom forms an adduct with a lone-pair bearing electronegative atom in the substrate, such as oxygen (both sp2 or sp3), nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. The complexation has partial charge-transfer character and makes the lone-pair donor effectively more electronegative, activating the substrate toward nucleophilic attack, heterolytic bond cleavage, or cycloaddition with 1,3-dienes and 1,3-dipoles.Many classical reactions involving carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond formation can be catalyzed by Lewis acids. Examples include the Friedel-Crafts reaction, the aldol reaction, and various pericyclic processes that proceed slowly at room temperature, such as the Diels-Alder reaction and the ene reaction. In addition to accelerating the reactions, Lewis acid catalysts are able to impose regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in many cases.Early developments in Lewis acid reagents focused on easily available compounds such as TiCl4, BF3, SnCl4, and AlCl3. The relative strengths of these (and other) Lewis acids may be estimated from NMR spectroscopy by the Childs method or the Gutmann-Beckett method. Over the years, versatile catalysts bearing ligands designed for specific applications have facilitated improvement in both reactivity and selectivity of Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions. More recently, Lewis acid catalysts with chiral ligands have become an important class of tools for asymmetric catalysis.Challenges in the development of Lewis acid catalysis include inefficient catalyst turnover (caused by catalyst affinity for the product) and the frequent requirement of two-point binding for stereoselectivity, which often necessitates the use of auxiliary groups.