• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Plant Nutrition - TDSBalternativescience
Plant Nutrition - TDSBalternativescience

... cells, some is converted to starch for storage and later used for food. ...
Exercise and Respiration Paloma
Exercise and Respiration Paloma

... Muscle contraction requires a supply of energy. It is obtained by converting ATP to ADP. The ADP that is produces must be converted back into ATP, for muscle contraction to continue. There are 3 ways of doing this: 1.)Creatine phosphate 2.)Anaerobic cell respiration 3.)Aerobic cell respiration ...
Biology Ch08
Biology Ch08

... This is similar to an electron carrier. Once an electron receives energy from the sun, it is considered a “highenergy electron.” The electron does not travel on its own from place to place. Another substance (in this case NADP) carries the electron to its destination. As the electron loses it’s high ...
File
File

... iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Cellular Respiration - Parkway C-2
Cellular Respiration - Parkway C-2

... by breaking down glucose and other food molecules. When oxygen is present, it’s aerobic; when oxygen is absent, it’s anaerobic. There are four pathways in cellular respiration (not all function at the same place or at the same time): glycolysis, fermentation (2 types – alcoholic and lactic acid), Kr ...
Chapter 23 – The Calvin Cycle (CO Fixation)
Chapter 23 – The Calvin Cycle (CO Fixation)

... • Rubisco cycles between an active form (in the light) and an inactive form (in the dark) • Activation requires light, CO2, Mg2+ and correct stromal pH • At night 2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate (synthesized in ...
File - Mrs. LeCompte
File - Mrs. LeCompte

... Many steps are involved, but here are the ones you need to know: 1) Acetyl CoA (2 C) enters and combines with oxaloacetate (C4) to form Citric Acid (C6) 2) The compound is oxidized a total of 4 times, losing two e-s each time o Forms a total of 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 3) The compound is phosphorylated b ...
The Energy of Life The living cell Is a miniature factory where
The Energy of Life The living cell Is a miniature factory where

... of exergonic reactions that power the work of the cell. The product of each reaction becomes the reactant for the next, so no reaction ...
BIO 101 Worksheet Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
BIO 101 Worksheet Metabolism and Cellular Respiration

... 6. _______ Glycolysis leads to fermentation in some bacteria and yeast 7. _______ Glycolysis involves an energy pay-off and then an energy investment phase 8. _______ A net of 4 ATP are produced in glycolysis 9. _______ Pyruvate contains 3 carbons 10. _______ Glycolysis involves 10 steps tightly con ...
3. Feedback mechanisms control cellular respiration
3. Feedback mechanisms control cellular respiration

... ultimately passed to O2, generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. • In addition, even more ATP is generated from the oxidation of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle. • Without oxygen, the energy still stored in pyruvate is unavailable to the cell. • Under aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose yiel ...
SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY - Georgia Institute of Technology
SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY - Georgia Institute of Technology

... sugars ...
ch24a_wcr
ch24a_wcr

... 2 The electrons are transferred from one complex to another in the membrane. Each complex is reduced and then oxidized, releasing energy that is used to pump H+ into the intermembrane space. This creates an electrochemical gradient between the matrix and the intermembrane space. Coenzyme Q (ubiquino ...
Energy Systems - Mrs N Benedict
Energy Systems - Mrs N Benedict

... of glucose is used to make two molecules of ATP  The lactic acid system actually provides sufficient energy to re-synthesise three molecules of ATP but the process of glycolysis itself requires energy (one molecule)  The lactic acid system provides energy for high-intensity activities lasting up t ...
Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle

... Regulation of Electron Transport The electron transport system is regulated by High levels of ADP and NADH that activate electron transport. Low levels of ADP, Pi, oxygen, and NADH that decrease electron transport activity. ...
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy

... 1- Plants make ATP during photosynthesis. 2- All other organisms, including plants, must produce ATP by breaking down molecules such as glucose. Aerobic respiration : the process by which a cell uses O2 to "burn" molecules and release energy. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O Note: this reaction is the o ...
Key Terms PDF - QuizOver.com
Key Terms PDF - QuizOver.com

... without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, without limitation, warranties that the provided services and content are free of defects, merchantable, fit for a particular purpose or non-infringing. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the provided services an ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... 6.5 Cells tap energy from electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen • The energy available to a cell is contained in the arrangement of electrons in chemical bonds • Electrons lose potential energy when they “fall” from organic compounds to oxygen during cellular respiration • Each step of ...
Redox Reactions in Metabolism Supplemental Reading Key
Redox Reactions in Metabolism Supplemental Reading Key

... oxidation of glucose to form CO2 and H2O by a process called aerobic respiration. The e- donor is glucose which functions as the reductant, and O2 is the eacceptor (oxidant) that is reduced in the last step of the electron transport system to form H2O. The two conjugate redox pairs NAD+/NADH and FAD ...
The Biochemistry of Movement
The Biochemistry of Movement

... Food provides the chemical compounds that are involved in chemical reactions. Both glucose and fats and oils (lipids) are the main sources of energy in humans. Enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of carbohydrates into glucose before energy production can start. When glucose is oxidized 2816kj mol-1 of e ...
IB-Respiration-2015
IB-Respiration-2015

... cytochrome proteins and one lipid carrier. The electrons carried by FADH2 have lower free energy and are added to a later point in the chain. ...
Biochemistry II, Test One
Biochemistry II, Test One

... 2. Which of the following statements about ATP and its roles in cells are true? (2 points) A. The ATP molecule is kinetically unstable and is thus consumed within about one minute following its formation in cells. B. ATP provides free energy to a thermodynamically unfavorable reactions by group tran ...
GY 112 Lecture Note Series
GY 112 Lecture Note Series

... When last we met, we discussed the “evolution” of the oceans and the Earth’s atmosphere. Were it not for the presence of simple prokaryotic life forms, our oceans and our atmosphere would have remained anaerobic. I may have left you with the impression that the anaerobic prokaryotes of the past were ...
Chapter 6- Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 6- Cell Structure and Function

... called RuBP carboxylase (aka Rubisco). By the end of the Calvin Cycle, many three-carbon molecules called PGAL (also known as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or G3P) are created. Some of these PGAL molecules are joined to make glucose, and some are converted to RuBP to begin the Calvin Cycle again. -Once ...
SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Citric Acid Cycle
SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Citric Acid Cycle

... Formation of Oxaloacetate This rxn is the fifth of 5 dehydrogenase reactions. Oxaloacetate has now been regenerated so that it can react with a new molecule of acetyl CoA to repeat the cycle. ...
Chapter 5
Chapter 5

... – resulting 5-carbon α-ketoglutarate undergoes removal of electrons and H+ and release of CO2 – succinyl-CoA (4-carbon product) converted in four steps to oxaloacetate – electrons and H+ transferred to form FADH2 and NADH – ATP produced ...
< 1 ... 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 ... 286 >

Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report