• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
video slide - Jackson County School District
video slide - Jackson County School District

... the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H 2O Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Exam #2 BMB 514 – Medical Biochemistry 10/10/11
Exam #2 BMB 514 – Medical Biochemistry 10/10/11

... determine that the patient is UNABLE to oxidize ubiquinol, pump protons across the inner membrane if given succinate as a carbon source, nor reduce cytochrome c. This patient most likely suffers from a defect in which of the following protein complexes? A) B) C) D) E) ...
NAD - wwphs
NAD - wwphs

... Acetyl CoA enters mitochondria matrix and reacts with oxaloacetate Citrate (aka citric acid cycle) A series of reactions will yield oxaloacetate again (aka cycle) Each pyruvate makes 3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP, 2 CO2 How many per glucose? ...


... to regenerate ___________________ for use in _____________________ (name of a metabolic pathway). The lactate is usually converted to glucose in the __________________ (organ). Choice C: In the reaction that involves the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA would be called a ____________ ...
Respiratio
Respiratio

... system or Terminal oxidation. ...
Nucleotides, Vitamins, Cosubstrates, and Coenzymes
Nucleotides, Vitamins, Cosubstrates, and Coenzymes

... usually undergoes a two electron oxidation or reduction. The flavin ring when reduced accepts a pair of hydrogen atoms, one at N-5 and the second at N-1 of the flavin ring. The reduced form of these molecules are FMNH2 or FADH2. This coenzyme can, under certain conditions, undergo one electron oxida ...
Biology: Cellular Respiration Practice Problems
Biology: Cellular Respiration Practice Problems

... 1. What are the 2 metabolic pathways a cell can use and what determines which pathway is used? 2. Write the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration. 3. What are the 3 phases of the aerobic cellular respiration process? 4. Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular respiration o ...
Integrative Assignment - California State University
Integrative Assignment - California State University

... Provide the best illustration you can for the tertiary structure of human Cytochrome c Oxidase. ...
Respiration
Respiration

... a. Where does the C “go” that is removed? b. What is happening when NAD+  NADH + H+? ...
CHAPTER 9: HOW CELLS HARVEST ENERGY
CHAPTER 9: HOW CELLS HARVEST ENERGY

... reactions that split energy-carrying molecules like ATP. ATP is not a long-term energy storage molecule, it is made only when needed. It is an extremely valuable molecule because it is used to do most of the work in a cell and is used to drive endergonic reactions. Cells generate ATP through two dif ...
Citric acid cycle
Citric acid cycle

... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Chapter 32 - How Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients
Chapter 32 - How Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients

... (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins). The energy released is used to join ADP and phosphate (Pi) to form ATP. In animals, the breakdown of organic nutrients, such as glucose, begins in a step-by-step series of chemical reactions called glycolysis. The end product of glycolysis (pyruvate) is then furt ...
PG1005 Lecture 11 Glycolysis
PG1005 Lecture 11 Glycolysis

... •  Due to persistence in ring structure relative to other carbohydrate, does not modify protein structure (carbonyl-amino group Schiff base)? •  The chemical structure is such that its successive oxidation yields high energy electrons that can be harnessed to drive ATP synthesis in an energy efficie ...
Problem Set 5 (Due February 25th) 1. Show how glucose can be
Problem Set 5 (Due February 25th) 1. Show how glucose can be

... 2. What role does the conversion of an aldose to a ketose play in the net glycolytic reaction scheme? This is necessary to prepare the hexose for the reverse aldol condensation. 3. Some organisms replenish the NAD+ pool using alcoholic fermentation which yields ethanol and carbon dioxide. This is a ...
Ch_9 - Bartlett High School
Ch_9 - Bartlett High School

... How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How many ATP so far? How many electron carriers so far? What happens during electron transport? Why do electrons NEED to “break th ...
Chapter 2 The chemistry of life
Chapter 2 The chemistry of life

... often synonymous with metabolic rate ...
Energy for Muscle Contractions
Energy for Muscle Contractions

... Your muscles have various ways of providing the energy necessary to perform a muscle contraction. 4 possible ways to meet the energy needs of a muscle follow: ...
Lecture 9
Lecture 9

... by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Fates of Pyruvate from glycolysis (2
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Fates of Pyruvate from glycolysis (2

... CELLULAR RESPIRATION Metabolism—the sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism or cell. a) anabolic—synthesis of compounds; an example is photosynthesis b) catabolic—breakdown of compounds; an example is cellular respiration Metabolic pathways—are the steps (enzymes, substrates and products) us ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis

... 2. Some organisms that are exposed to oxygen, but switch to fermentation when oxygen is scarce. AP Biology ...
Document
Document

... one cycle. Although the two carbons which enter the cycle become the part of oxaloacetate, and are released as CO2 only in the third round of the cycle. The energy released due to this oxidation is conserved in the reduction of 3 NAD+, 1 FAD molecule and synthesis of one GTP molecule which is conver ...
Problems
Problems

... 1. Which of the reactions of a metabolic pathway would you expect to be regulated? List all that apply: a. the 1st committed step of the pathway b. the last step of the pathway c. a highly spontaneous reaction d. a rate-limiting reaction e. a reaction in which [products]/[reactants] is close to Keq ...
For lecture notes click here
For lecture notes click here

...  reduced molecule does not acquire all the energy released by oxidized molecule - released as heat, and formation of ATP  coenzyme acts as intermediary that accepts electrons from one molecule and transfer it to another  In TCA NAD and FAD remove hydrogen atoms from organic substrates  NADH and ...
Your views are welcomed upon the theme of
Your views are welcomed upon the theme of

... morph into the electrochemical series at a higher level). So aluminium will displace iron from its oxide because it is more reactive than iron. We know this because it is higher in the reactivity series of metals. (Two asides here. Firstly, the answer “we know this because it is higher in the reacti ...
Biology Name_____________________________________
Biology Name_____________________________________

... information, graphic organizers not only help categorize facts but serve as a memory aid. You will make a graphic organizer that will serve as a study aid for this chapter. Your organizer must include symbols, pictures, diagrams, charts, etc. Do not simply put the words on a piece of paper. This ass ...
< 1 ... 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 ... 286 >

Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report