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Lec 1-10 Problem Set Answers
Lec 1-10 Problem Set Answers

... e) When the 500 turns is complete, how many OAA molecules are present? f) You over hear a student going “I don't get it, we put 500 acetyl groups into that single Krebs cycle, and at the end of it, why don’t we have 500 OAAs? What kind of lame metabolic pathway is this anyway?” Explain 7) The glyoxa ...
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... carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane, capable of a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. • As electrons are passed through the chain, there is a stepwise release of energy from the electrons for the generation of ATP. • In aerobic cellular respiration, the last electron receptor ...
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... carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane, capable of a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. • As electrons are passed through the chain, there is a stepwise release of energy from the electrons for the generation of ATP. • In aerobic cellular respiration, the last electron receptor ...
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... used as a common means of producing ATP through photophosphorylation. Once the amount of NADPH exceeds the level of NADP+, normal ATP production is often slow down or halted. NADP+ must be available as a reducing cofactor for the reaction and its decrease leads to a concomitant reduction of photopho ...
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... amides, glycosides or esters, (eg, see Eqn 13). Direct condensation reactions (which do not involve ATP) have equilibrium constants which are usually very much less than unity, reflecting the fact that water must be liberated into a medium in which its chemical potential is already very high. It is ...
Export To Word
Export To Word

... This Khan Academy video describes how the pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes oxidation to produce Acetyl CoA. The video then explains what occurs when Acetyl CoA enters the Kreb's cycle and how NADH and FADH2 are produced. This Khan Academy video explains how the NADH And FADH2 that were made ...
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... 1. When NADPH is needed, ribulose-5P is converted back into glucose6P to maintain flux through the pathway. 2. If ATP and NADPH are needed (which would be the case for most anabolic pathways), then some of the ribulose-5P is used to synthesis hexose phosphates for glycolysis. 3. If the cell needs to ...
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... electrons so as to have eight electrons in their outer electron shell. This means that all atoms, in a Lewis structure, must have eight valence electrons around them (they can be either bonded or lone pair electrons). • Hydrogen and helium are exceptions to the octet rule. There is one more element ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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