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ATP Synthesis
ATP Synthesis

... In the so-called “binding change” mechanism, each of the three αβ catalytic protomers of the α3β3 subunits of F1 component is envisioned to adopt three distinct conformations designated O, L and T that are in equilibrium exchange with each other: O  catalytically-inactive / low affinity for ligands ...
Microbiology - Chapter 7 & 8
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... cyclohexane-1,4-diyl (fixed at “open” conformation), and xanthene-1,8-diyl (fixed at “closed” conformation). The equilibrium conformations of these molecules were estimated by fluorescence energy transfer experiments (Figure 3). The trimethylene-bridged molecules were found to have intermediate conf ...
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No Slide Title
No Slide Title

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APB Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

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Chapter 21
Chapter 21

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Cellular Metabolism - Napa Valley College
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Chapter 9: How do cells harvest energy?
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Photosynthesis - McGraw Hill Higher Education
Photosynthesis - McGraw Hill Higher Education

... energy in the covalent bonds between its phosphate groups. ATP forms when a phosphate group is added to ADP (see figure 4.00). The other energy-rich product of the light reactions, NADPH, is a molecule that carries pairs of energized electrons. In photosynthesis, these electrons come from chlorophyl ...
Photosynthesis (SC/BIOL 4061) First Term Test (5 Oct 2006)
Photosynthesis (SC/BIOL 4061) First Term Test (5 Oct 2006)

... nm) has a much lower energy (176 kJoules mol–1), multiple photons are required to split water in oxygenic photosynthesis. Question Three: Carotenoids and bilins have absorption peaks between the blue and red absorption peaks of chlorophyll. To act as antenna, their emission must be lower than the re ...
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Untitled
Untitled

... which uses ATP, while high ADP concentration stimulate energy-yielding pathway. 4. Liver : which contains a variety of enzymes & most nutrient pass through it, providing an opportunity for metabolic control. 5. Many vitamins & minerals : participate in regulating metabolism ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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