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AP Biology Remember what it means to be a plant… Need to produce all organic molecules necessary for growth carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Need to store chemical energy (ATP) Photosynthesis: The Calvin Cycle Life from Air produced from light reactions in a more stable form can be moved around plant saved for a rainy day 20072008 AP Biology Light reactions Convert solar energy to chemical energy carbon + water + energy → glucose + oxygen dioxide light C H O + 6O2 AP Biology6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → 6 12 6 How is that helpful? Want to make C6H12O6 synthesis How? From what? What raw materials are available? ATP ATP → energy NADPH → reducing power CO2 What can we do now? → → build stuff !! AP Biology photosynthesis NADPH carbon fixation reduces CO2 NADP C6H12O6 NADP AP Biology 1 AP Biology From CO2 → C6H12O6 CO2 has very little chemical energy From Light reactions to Calvin cycle Calvin cycle fully oxidized C6H12O6 contains a lot of chemical energy highly reduced ____________________ Need products of light reactions to drive synthesis reactions Synthesis S th i = endergonic d i process stroma t ________________ ________________ put in a lot of energy Reduction of CO2 → C6H12O6 proceeds in many small uphill steps ATP each catalyzed by a specific enzyme using energy stored in ATP & NADPH thylakoid AP Biology AP Biology C C Calvin cycle C C C C C 1C C C C C C 3. Regeneration C C C C C of RuBP RuBP starch, sucrose, cellulose & more ribulose bisphosphate 3 ATP H H H | | | C–C–C AP Biology C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 1. Carbon fixation C C C C C C RuBisCo 6C glyceraldehyde-3-P G3P C C C PGA phosphoglycerate 3C 3C C C C C C C 2 ATP 2 ADP fructose-1,6bP P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P C C C C C C C C C C C C C-C-C-C-C-C DHAP C C C C C C P-C-C-C G3P glyceraldehyde 3 h 3-phosphate h C-C-C-P 2 NAD+ 2 4 ADP 6 ATP 2. Reduction 6 NADP glycolysis C C C C C C 5C 6 NADPH Remember G3P? CO2 ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase 3 ADP used to make glucose C=C=C 5C glucose C 3C 6 ADP AP Biology Photosynthesis pyruvate 4 ATP C-C-C 2 H | H | H | AP Biology To G3P and Beyond! Glyceraldehyde-3-P To G3P and beyond! end product of Calvin cycle energy rich 3 carbon sugar “___________________” RuBisCo __________________________________ G3P is an important intermediate G3P → → glucose → → carbohydrates → → lipids → → phospholipids, fats, waxes → → amino acids → → proteins → → nucleic acids → → DNA, RNA AP Biology it makes life out of air! I’m green with envy! It’s not easy being green! Photosynthesis summary Light reactions __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ 3 turns of Calvin cycle = 1 G3P 3 CO2 → 1 G3P (3C) 6 turns of Calvin cycle = 1 C6H12O6 (6C) 6 CO2 → 1 C6H12O6 (6C) 18 ATP + 12 NADPH → 1 C6H12O6 AP Biology definitely the most abundant enzyme AP Biology Accounting The accounting is complicated ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase the most important enzyme in the world! any ATP left over from light reactions will be used elsewhere by the cell Calvin cycle __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ ADP NADP AP Biology 3 AP Biology Light Reactions Calvin Cycle H2O + light → ATP + NADPH + O2 energy H2O _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ sunlight Energy Building Reactions AP Biology CO2 + ATP + NADPH → C6H12O6 + ADP + NADP ADP NADP NADPH NADPH ATP ATP AP Biology O2 Putting it all together ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ CO2 Sugar Building Reactions back to make more ATP & NADPH sugars even though this equation is a bit of a lie… it makes a better story Energy cycle sun light CO2 + H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + O2 H2O CO2 sunlight ADP Energy NADP Building Reactions Sugar Building Reactions Plants make both: ____________ ____________ ____________ Photosynthesis light CO2 + H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + O2 ________________ CO2 H 2O ________________ O2 ATP C6H12O6 + O2 → energy + CO2 + H2O NADPH Cellular Respiration ATP AP Biology O2 sugars AP Biology The Great Circle of Life,Mufasa! ATP 4 AP Biology Summary of photosynthesis Supporting a biosphere 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy Where did the CO2 come from? Where did the CO2 go? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the H2O go? Where did the energy come from? What’s the energy used for? What will the C6H12O6 be used for? Where did the O2 come from? Where will the O2 go? What else is involved…not listed in this equation? AP Biology On global scale, photosynthesis is the most important process for the continuation of life on Earth captures 121 billion tons of CO2 synthesizes 160 billion tons of carbohydrate If plants can do it… You can learn it! was built by sunlight out of thin air All the solid material of every animal was built from plant material air AP Biology heterotrophs are dependent on plants as food source for fuel & raw materials AP Biology The poetic perspective… All the solid material of every plant each year photosynthesis… Ask Questions!! sun Then all the plants, cats, dogs, elephants & people … are really particles of air woven together by strands of sunlight! AP Biology 20072008 5
