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Energy Transformation — Cellular Respiration
Energy Transformation — Cellular Respiration

... 3. How many reduced NADH molecules are produced after the glucose has been completely broken down to ATP? And at what stage of the aerobic respiration is glucose completely broken down into carbon dioxide? 4. As glucose is split in the cytosol of the cell, is there a release of carbon dioxide as by- ...
to find the lecture notes for lecture 1 click here
to find the lecture notes for lecture 1 click here

... investment” required to start a reaction – the reactants must absorb enough energy to cause their chemical bonds to become unstable and created new ones – as these bonds form – energy is released into the environment – if more energy is released than absorbed = heat (exothermic reaction) – two influ ...
Lab Exercise 7 - Cellular Respiration
Lab Exercise 7 - Cellular Respiration

... NADH and FADH2 and transfer them step-by-step to free oxygen. The oxygen is reduced by these electrons combing with hydrogen to form water. At each of several transfer steps, some energy is liberated and at some steps, enough energy is liberated to create an ATP molecule from ADP and free phosphate. ...
Exam 2 Key
Exam 2 Key

... 3· (8 pts) The 6 events listed below occur during photosynthesis. List the order of events (#1 first-#6last) ...
Gizmo: Photosynthesis Lab
Gizmo: Photosynthesis Lab

... Vocabulary: carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, glucose, photosynthesis, ...
IE EA
IE EA

... bond dissociation energies of the N-H and P-H bonds and the electron affinities of NH2 and PH2 are needed. However, if one assumes that the differences in these quantities are about the same as the differences in the average bond dissociation energies (386 kJ mol-1 for NH3 and 322 kJ mol-1 for PH3) ...
Summary of Metabolic Pathways
Summary of Metabolic Pathways

... • Under aerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A. -Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A yields energy in the form of NADH. -Oxidation of pyruvate can only occur if the oxidized coenzyme (NAD+) is available. • Under anaerobic conditions, the NADH which accumulates is no ...
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration

... converted into two molecules of pyruvate. The products are NADH, ATP, and pyruvate. NADH and ATP are two form of chemical energy that is going to put in one “energy bank”. There also create something what we called pyruvate. Pyruvate will be reactant in next step aerobic cellular respiration. In gly ...
CHAPTER 8 PERIODIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE ELEMENTS
CHAPTER 8 PERIODIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE ELEMENTS

... (1s ) remain constant while the nuclear charge increases. The electrons that are added across the row are valence electrons which do not shield each other well. Therefore, moving across a period of the table, the valence electrons experience a greater effective nuclear charge. Of the elements in a g ...
Ch 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure 06-Nov
Ch 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure 06-Nov

... Χ = 4.0 – 2.2 = 1.8 Compound is covalent boind Because of the difference in Electronegativity for HF, the compound is polar. Nonpolar bonds form when the difference in electronegativity is less than 0.5 Polar bonds form when the difference in electronegativity is greater than 0.5 Ionic bonds form wh ...
Mass-Action Ratios!
Mass-Action Ratios!

... above its "resting" or Keq state, equilibrium can be regained by shifting the reactions to the right (glucose is shipped out, or glycolysis is continued). Similarly, if Glu-1-P builds up, it is too restrictive to simply say the phosphoglucomutase reaction will shift right, when equilibrium can be re ...
Metabolism - College of the Canyons
Metabolism - College of the Canyons

... • Glucose catabolism – a series of small steps, controlled by separate enzymes, in which energy is released in small manageable amounts, as much possible transferred to ATP and the rest is released as heat • Three major pathways of glucose catabolism ...
Metabolism
Metabolism

... 9 acetyl coA’s through the citric acid cycle: 9 GTP, 67.5 ATP from 27 NADH and 13.5 ATP from 9 FADH2 Minus 2 ATP to start beta oxidation: 120 ATP Fat burns in a flame of carbohydrate Carbohydrate is needed Without sufficient oxaloacetate from carb to drive the citric acid cycle, the acetyl coA from ...
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production

... 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH + 2 H+ Two ATP used in adding phosphate groups to glucose and fructose-6-phosphate (- 2 ATP) Four ATP generated in direct transfer to ADP by two 3C molecules (+ 4 ATP) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ ...
Metabolic Pathways a..
Metabolic Pathways a..

... 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH + 2 H+ Two ATP used in adding phosphate groups to glucose and fructose-6-phosphate (- 2 ATP) Four ATP generated in direct transfer to ADP by two 3C molecules (+ 4 ATP) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ ...
Cell Energy: Fermentation
Cell Energy: Fermentation

... By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the fundamental dierence between anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation • Describe the type of fermentation that readily occurs in animal cells and the conditions that initiate that fermentation ...
The Fate of Glucose
The Fate of Glucose

... If carbon cycle generates too much CO2 ...
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... – Conversion of an energyrich, but not very reactive, molecule into one that is MUCH more reactive AND whose chemical potential energy can be released and trapped more efficiently ...
O 2 - Madison Public Schools
O 2 - Madison Public Schools

... move in steps from carrier to carrier downhill to oxygen  each carrier more electronegative  controlled oxidation  controlled release of energy ...
Respiration Notes - Streetsboro City Schools
Respiration Notes - Streetsboro City Schools

... a series of energy-releasing steps Electron transport chain- the process in which high-energy electrons convert ADP to ATP (a lot of it). ATP- the principal chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy ...
Journal of Biotechnology Alternative routes to biofuels: Light
Journal of Biotechnology Alternative routes to biofuels: Light

... CO2 into biofuels: (i) The first of these implies a two-step procedure: First formation of (plant-derived) biomass, followed by a second processing step for conversion to products like methane and ethanol. Methane formation from biomass waste has been developed as a technology already several decades ...
Chapter 8 – an introduction to metabolism
Chapter 8 – an introduction to metabolism

... 12. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explain why it is called a cycle. 13. Describe the point at which glucose is completely oxidized during cellular respiration. 14. Distinguish between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. 15. In general terms, explain how the e ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

... (pyruvate) (goes to Krebs Cycle) Makes total of 4 ATPs At end of reaction, net of 2 ATP available to cell, and NADH (energy carrier – will go to ETC) ...
BI 200 - Exam #2
BI 200 - Exam #2

... C) taxic movements of the cell. D) clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria. 2. Which statement is true? A) Lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells. B) Peritrichous flagella are all ...
Microbial Metabolism PowerPoint
Microbial Metabolism PowerPoint

... B) 6CO2 + 12H2X  C6H12O6 + 12X + 6H2O 1) X = source of reducing e- (ex. H2O, H2S, H2) C) Utilizes multiple pigments 1) chlorophylls a) absorb solar energy & use it to energize eb) found in plants, algae and cyanobacteria ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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