• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
File
File

... 3. These pathways regenerate NAD, which the cells can use to keep glycolysis going to make more ATP in the absence of oxygen. 4. Without niacin or the ability to make it, the person would be deficient in NAD. Since NAD is used in Step 3 of glycolysis, glycolysis would be inhibited. STRUCTURES AND ...
Energetics at the Molecular Level Energetics: Scientific Foundations of Obesity  and Other Health Aspects Douglas R Moellering, Ph.D.
Energetics at the Molecular Level Energetics: Scientific Foundations of Obesity  and Other Health Aspects Douglas R Moellering, Ph.D.

... FMN / FAD FMN (riboflavin-5′-phosphate): • produced from riboflavin by riboflavin kinase functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase. • It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues. It requires more energy to produce, but is mor ...
Atoms and Materials for Engineering
Atoms and Materials for Engineering

... its abundance in Earth’s crust is also an important factor. Aluminum (symbol Al) is another important metal in engineered products and has an abundance of 8.2% in the Earth’s crust. In contrast, the abundance of gold in Earth’s crust is about 0.003 parts per milllion or 0.0000003%. That is why we ca ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... carrier. (NAD+ returns to matrix) • Hydrogen ions are split into 2 electrons which pass from carrier to carrier in the chain. • Energy is released as the electrons pass from carrier to carrier and they are able to transfer protons (H+)across the inner membrane. • A concentration of protons build up ...
2 Chemistry Overview
2 Chemistry Overview

... • Substances that do not dissolve in water are hydrophobic • Since the majority of substances on earth are hydrophilic, ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... 1. To start a chemical reaction, it is first necessary to weaken chemical bonds in the reactant molecules. This activation process requires the molecules absorb energy. a) activation energy- the minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction ...
File - Mr. Shanks` Class
File - Mr. Shanks` Class

... a) Glucose – 6 – phosphate b) Fructose – 6 phosphate c) Fructose - 1 ,6 biphosphate d) Glucose 3. Which one of the following is a reduced electron carrier that carries electrons to the ETC? a) GDP b) NADH+H+ c) NAD d) ADP 4. What are the names of both 3 carbon molecules that result when glucose is b ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... Electron Transport The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. ...
photosynthesis calvin cycle - The Bronx High School of Science
photosynthesis calvin cycle - The Bronx High School of Science

...  G3P is an important intermediate  G3P   glucose   carbohydrates ...
Aerobic Cellular Respiration class notes.notebook
Aerobic Cellular Respiration class notes.notebook

... Aerobic Cellular Respiration class notes.notebook ...
Camp 1
Camp 1

... Carried out by four closely related multisubunit membrane-bound complexes and two electron carriers, coenzyme Q and cytochrome c. • In a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, electrons from FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one complex to the next until they reach O2. • O2 is reduced to H2O. ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... Stripping H from Electron Carriers • Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC – H cleaved off NADH & FADH2 – electrons stripped from H atoms  H+ (protons) • electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in mitochondrial membrane (ETC) • flowing electrons = energy to do work ...
Cellular Respiration Power Point
Cellular Respiration Power Point

... • Some cells only use anaerobic respiration • Some cells use aerobic respiration • Some cells usually use aerobic but may resort to anaerobic respiration if necessary ...
Plant Respiration Exchange of Gases in Plants - E
Plant Respiration Exchange of Gases in Plants - E

... Electron Transport System (ETS) and Oxidative Phosphorylation The next steps are to release and utilize the energy stored in NADH+H + and FADH2. This is accomplished when they are oxidised through the electron transport system and the electrons are passed on to O2resulting in the formation of H2O. ...
Respiration
Respiration

... The sites of respiration – the sites of the various biochemical pathways of respiration; the structure of mitochondrion as shown in electron micrographs. (refer to topic ‘The cell --- organelles of cell’) Glycolysis – an outline of glycolysis to show : (1) the phosphorylation of glucose; (2) the bre ...
Computers in Chemistry—
Computers in Chemistry—

... Computers in Chemistry—CHEM 3111 Problem Set 5 Use ChemDraw to draw molecules and perform simple calculations. In this exercise, you will use ChemDraw and Chem3D to draw some simple and not so simple molecules, then determine their 3D structure, and setup and pertorm some simple molecular dynamics c ...
NSCC NTR150 Ch07A Metabolism
NSCC NTR150 Ch07A Metabolism

... • Plants containing chlorophyll or similar molecules absorb light (usually from the sun) • With the help of the energy contained in light, the plant cells can take carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and water (H2O) from the ground and convert it into a carbohydrate, usually glucose (C6H12O6) • The “w ...
Name Date ______ Your
Name Date ______ Your

... F. Define Anaerobic Process: ________________________________________________________ G. Define Aerobic Respiration: ______________________________________________________ ...
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding

... At RT, oxygen and hydrogen: gaseous form; water molecule: liquid state due to Hydrogen Bonding between water molecules Water – Has important physical properties that make life possible on the Earth, ability to dissolve many other substances, serves as a medium in which a great variety of chemical ch ...
Chapter 9: Fermentation
Chapter 9: Fermentation

... bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. •Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. •The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. ...
Study Questions- Chapter 4-1 Online FN 225, Powell SQ 4
Study Questions- Chapter 4-1 Online FN 225, Powell SQ 4

... 23) Take a look at the FORUM for Week 2 (last week). Do you find one posting done by you? MYSTERY QUESTION. For this one, have your Ch. 4-1 lecture outline in front of you. You will be asked 1 or more questions about something from one of the blanks in this LECTURE OUTLINE. ...
Energy Systems
Energy Systems

... Exercise longer than 20 minutes -involves 3 separate pathways: ...
Sample
Sample

... b. Fructose c. Galactose d. Sucrose e. None of the above ...
First Semester complete review with answers
First Semester complete review with answers

... • The atoms of the reactants are rearranged to make new products.  The difference between an exothermic chemical reaction and an endothermic chemical reaction o Exothermic = releases energy in the form of heat or light (found in the products of the reaction) o Endothermic = takes in energy in the f ...
3 Processes Necessary for Plants to Survive
3 Processes Necessary for Plants to Survive

... a. Photosynthesis stores energy and respiration releases energy. b. Respiration stores energy and photosynthesis releases energy. c. Photosynthesis and respiration are the same process. d. Photosynthesis and respiration do not have anything to do with energy. 2. The main function of the leaf is to: ...
< 1 ... 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 ... 286 >

Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report