Source Transformations
... Introduction The circuits in this set of problems consist of independent sources, resistors and a meter. In particular, these circuits do not contain dependent sources. Each of these circuits has a seriesparallel structure that makes it possible to simplify the circuit by repeatedly ...
... Introduction The circuits in this set of problems consist of independent sources, resistors and a meter. In particular, these circuits do not contain dependent sources. Each of these circuits has a seriesparallel structure that makes it possible to simplify the circuit by repeatedly ...
S - Parameter s - HP Memory Project
... or "short" terminations are required to determine "h," "y," or "z" parameters, but lead inductance and capacitance make these terminations unrealistic at high frequencies. 2. No tuning is required to terminate a device in the characteristic impedance . . . positioning an "open" or "short" at the ter ...
... or "short" terminations are required to determine "h," "y," or "z" parameters, but lead inductance and capacitance make these terminations unrealistic at high frequencies. 2. No tuning is required to terminate a device in the characteristic impedance . . . positioning an "open" or "short" at the ter ...
Untitled
... current waveform is not perfectly sinusoidal. Such distortion is caused by harmonic currents, generated by nonlinear loads. It has negative effects on electric power quality. It was not such a problem earlier, as number of nonlinear loads was not so large, although they existed. Nevertheless, with e ...
... current waveform is not perfectly sinusoidal. Such distortion is caused by harmonic currents, generated by nonlinear loads. It has negative effects on electric power quality. It was not such a problem earlier, as number of nonlinear loads was not so large, although they existed. Nevertheless, with e ...
File
... anode and electrolyte-soaked paper as the cathode. The thinner the oxide layer on the anode, the larger the capacitor, but the smaller its working voltage. The properties of electrolytic capacitors are very dependent on their operating temperature. At high temperatures (i.e. higher than 50° C), the ...
... anode and electrolyte-soaked paper as the cathode. The thinner the oxide layer on the anode, the larger the capacitor, but the smaller its working voltage. The properties of electrolytic capacitors are very dependent on their operating temperature. At high temperatures (i.e. higher than 50° C), the ...
Smith Chart Calculations
... resultant when two complex impedances are connected in parallel, as in stub matching. The conductance values may be added directly, as may be the susceptance values, to arrive at the overall admittance for the parallel combination. This admittance may then be converted back to impedance data, if des ...
... resultant when two complex impedances are connected in parallel, as in stub matching. The conductance values may be added directly, as may be the susceptance values, to arrive at the overall admittance for the parallel combination. This admittance may then be converted back to impedance data, if des ...
Full-Text PDF
... dependence of mutual inductance on the gap separation between two planar spiral coils, microfabricated using copper-clad polyimide film (commonly used for flex-circuit manufacturing). The noncontacting type, angular position inductive sensors were already analyzed, but for very specific applications ...
... dependence of mutual inductance on the gap separation between two planar spiral coils, microfabricated using copper-clad polyimide film (commonly used for flex-circuit manufacturing). The noncontacting type, angular position inductive sensors were already analyzed, but for very specific applications ...
Fundamentals and Improvements for Directional Relays
... T32P is the torque product of the directional element. k is the design constant. VBC is the BC phase-to-phase voltage. IA is the A-phase current. β is the measured angle between VBC and IA. A. R. Van C. Warrington first identified a security weakness of the quadrature-polarized phase directional ele ...
... T32P is the torque product of the directional element. k is the design constant. VBC is the BC phase-to-phase voltage. IA is the A-phase current. β is the measured angle between VBC and IA. A. R. Van C. Warrington first identified a security weakness of the quadrature-polarized phase directional ele ...
mfj enterprises, inc. - Classic International
... offending interference can't be filtered out using common low-pass or band-pass circuitry because the L/C elements would act like lengths of transmission line and transform the impedance readings as a function of frequency. Increasing generator power output can, in some instances, overpower interfer ...
... offending interference can't be filtered out using common low-pass or band-pass circuitry because the L/C elements would act like lengths of transmission line and transform the impedance readings as a function of frequency. Increasing generator power output can, in some instances, overpower interfer ...
an-1265 application note
... With the selection of decimation rate and modulator clock values, the characteristics of the filter are set. It is equally important to match the filter characteristic to the application. A sinc filter has memory and the current output depends on not only current input but also previous inputs and o ...
... With the selection of decimation rate and modulator clock values, the characteristics of the filter are set. It is equally important to match the filter characteristic to the application. A sinc filter has memory and the current output depends on not only current input but also previous inputs and o ...
By Ron Bertrand VK2DQ
... The current and voltage distribution of this halfwave antenna is the same no matter where we attach the feedline. Whether we fed the antenna at the centre, the end or somewhere else in between the current and voltage distribution will be the same as that shown in Figure 3. Where the current is maxim ...
... The current and voltage distribution of this halfwave antenna is the same no matter where we attach the feedline. Whether we fed the antenna at the centre, the end or somewhere else in between the current and voltage distribution will be the same as that shown in Figure 3. Where the current is maxim ...
Outline - 正修科技大學
... 1) Use a specific dimension ratio to achieve the desired characteristic impedance. Following that, the strip width should be minimized to decrease the overall dimension, as well as to suppress higher-order modes. However, a smaller strip width leads to higher losses. 2) Power-handling capability in ...
... 1) Use a specific dimension ratio to achieve the desired characteristic impedance. Following that, the strip width should be minimized to decrease the overall dimension, as well as to suppress higher-order modes. However, a smaller strip width leads to higher losses. 2) Power-handling capability in ...
Coupling between Vias and the PCB Power-Bus
... induced voltage on the via due to the existing voltage distriThe elements of the geometry in Fig. 1 form a cascade conence of the lines must be de-embedded. This ca The bution impedance ...
... induced voltage on the via due to the existing voltage distriThe elements of the geometry in Fig. 1 form a cascade conence of the lines must be de-embedded. This ca The bution impedance ...
On-Chip Small Capacitor Mismatches Measurement
... the ring oscillators as discussed previously. Even with such degradation over 6-fold improvement in the sensitivity factor is observed (α [email protected]) compared with the implementation from [5] (α = [email protected]). The oscillation frequencies are measured using a 12-digit frequency counter (with gating ...
... the ring oscillators as discussed previously. Even with such degradation over 6-fold improvement in the sensitivity factor is observed (α [email protected]) compared with the implementation from [5] (α = [email protected]). The oscillation frequencies are measured using a 12-digit frequency counter (with gating ...
1.05 GHz MEMS Oscillator Based On Lateral-Field
... magnitude of admittance is plotted in Fig. 4. As we can see, the critical driving power [11] before bifurcation occurs is between 2 and 4 dBm, which roughly corresponds to a critical driving current of 3 mA. Compared with the 222 MHz TFE AlN resonator demonstrated earlier [2], this 1.17 GHz LFE AlN ...
... magnitude of admittance is plotted in Fig. 4. As we can see, the critical driving power [11] before bifurcation occurs is between 2 and 4 dBm, which roughly corresponds to a critical driving current of 3 mA. Compared with the 222 MHz TFE AlN resonator demonstrated earlier [2], this 1.17 GHz LFE AlN ...
Low Distortion 1.0 GHz Differential Amplifier
... are used to match the 200 Ω source to a 50 Ω load. For a frequency of 10 MHz, the same capacitor and inductor values previously found using the resonant approach will transform the 200 Ω source to match the 50 Ω load. At frequencies exceeding 100 MHz, the S parameters from Tables II and III should b ...
... are used to match the 200 Ω source to a 50 Ω load. For a frequency of 10 MHz, the same capacitor and inductor values previously found using the resonant approach will transform the 200 Ω source to match the 50 Ω load. At frequencies exceeding 100 MHz, the S parameters from Tables II and III should b ...
Indirect Compensation Technique for Low-Voltage
... This compensation scheme leads to two LHP zeros besides a dominant pole and two non-dominant poles. The two LHP zeros counter the two non-dominant poles and help improve the phase margin. The low impedance internal nodes fbl and fbr also lead to two parasitic poles at higher frequencies, which are ...
... This compensation scheme leads to two LHP zeros besides a dominant pole and two non-dominant poles. The two LHP zeros counter the two non-dominant poles and help improve the phase margin. The low impedance internal nodes fbl and fbr also lead to two parasitic poles at higher frequencies, which are ...
AN849 Basic PICmicro Oscillator Design
... then the oscillator may oscillate at a lower voltage. This can be caused by high gain, which creates faster edge rates that reduce delay. Upon first inspection this can appear to be a paradox, because increased gain can sometimes result in reduced signal. In that case, it is possible that increasing ...
... then the oscillator may oscillate at a lower voltage. This can be caused by high gain, which creates faster edge rates that reduce delay. Upon first inspection this can appear to be a paradox, because increased gain can sometimes result in reduced signal. In that case, it is possible that increasing ...
Out-of-Step Protection for Generators
... various factors which must be considered in applying this protection on present-day generators and systems. ...
... various factors which must be considered in applying this protection on present-day generators and systems. ...
Chapter 2 Circuit Elements
... (a) The correspondence between the color-coded probes of the ammeter and the reference direction of the measured current. In (b) the current ia is directed to the right, while in (c) the current ib is directed to the left. The colored probe is shown here in blue. In the laboratory this probe will be ...
... (a) The correspondence between the color-coded probes of the ammeter and the reference direction of the measured current. In (b) the current ia is directed to the right, while in (c) the current ib is directed to the left. The colored probe is shown here in blue. In the laboratory this probe will be ...
Aalborg Universitet Range of Grid Impedance
... grid impedance variation are also well researched, such as harmonic impedance specification and their series-parallel resonance effects [11], and the system stability related to LCL resonance in weak grids [12]. In [13-15], the impedancebased analysis is used to reveal the interaction between the co ...
... grid impedance variation are also well researched, such as harmonic impedance specification and their series-parallel resonance effects [11], and the system stability related to LCL resonance in weak grids [12]. In [13-15], the impedancebased analysis is used to reveal the interaction between the co ...
Electrical Modeling of Piezoelectric Ceramics for Analysis
... ceramic, and its model is called the Easy Model. As the first step to develop the Easy Model, the electrical properties of the piezoelectric ceramic are investigated by measuring the electrical impedance of the piezoelectric ceramic using an impedance analyzer such as HP 4194A. The impedance is meas ...
... ceramic, and its model is called the Easy Model. As the first step to develop the Easy Model, the electrical properties of the piezoelectric ceramic are investigated by measuring the electrical impedance of the piezoelectric ceramic using an impedance analyzer such as HP 4194A. The impedance is meas ...
Distributed element filter
A distributed element filter is an electronic filter in which capacitance, inductance and resistance (the elements of the circuit) are not localised in discrete capacitors, inductors and resistors as they are in conventional filters. Its purpose is to allow a range of signal frequencies to pass, but to block others. Conventional filters are constructed from inductors and capacitors, and the circuits so built are described by the lumped element model, which considers each element to be ""lumped together"" at one place. That model is conceptually simple, but it becomes increasingly unreliable as the frequency of the signal increases, or equivalently as the wavelength decreases. The distributed element model applies at all frequencies, and is used in transmission line theory; many distributed element components are made of short lengths of transmission line. In the distributed view of circuits, the elements are distributed along the length of conductors and are inextricably mixed together. The filter design is usually concerned only with inductance and capacitance, but because of this mixing of elements they cannot be treated as separate ""lumped"" capacitors and inductors. There is no precise frequency above which distributed element filters must be used but they are especially associated with the microwave band (wavelength less than one metre).Distributed element filters are used in many of the same applications as lumped element filters, such as selectivity of radio channel, bandlimiting of noise and multiplexing of many signals into one channel. Distributed element filters may be constructed to have any of the bandforms possible with lumped elements (low-pass, band-pass, etc.) with the exception of high-pass, which is usually only approximated. All filter classes used in lumped element designs (Butterworth, Chebyshev, etc.) can be implemented using a distributed element approach.There are many component forms used to construct distributed element filters, but all have the common property of causing a discontinuity on the transmission line. These discontinuities present a reactive impedance to a wavefront travelling down the line, and these reactances can be chosen by design to serve as approximations for lumped inductors, capacitors or resonators, as required by the filter.The development of distributed element filters was spurred on by the military need for radar and electronic counter measures during World War II. Lumped element analogue filters had long before been developed but these new military systems operated at microwave frequencies and new filter designs were required. When the war ended, the technology found applications in the microwave links used by telephone companies and other organisations with large fixed-communication networks, such as television broadcasters. Nowadays the technology can be found in several mass-produced consumer items, such as the converters (figure 1 shows an example) used with satellite television dishes.