Download Chapter 2 Circuit Elements

Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Chapter 2
Circuit Elements
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.1-1
A temperature sensor.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.2-1
Thomas A. Edison in the
laboratory at Menlo Park,
New Jersey. He is shown
with his Edison lamps,
discovered in 1879.
Courtesy of Edison National
Historical Site.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.2-2
Edison’s tower of
lights, shown at
the Philadelphia
Exhibition, 1884.
Courtesy of
Edison National
Historical Site.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.3-1
(a) An automobile ignition circuit and (b) model
of the ignition circuit for starting a car.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.3-2
An element with an excitation current i
and a response v.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 2.3-3
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
(a) An incandescent lamp. (b) Voltage–current
relationship for an incandescent lamp. The lamp is linear
within the range im  i  im.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure E 2.3-3
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.4-1
(a) The entry node of the current i is the positive
node of the voltage v, (b) the entry node of the
current i is the negative node of the voltage v.
The current flows from the entry node to the exit
node.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.4-2
Collection of
active and
passive circuit
elements used
for an electrical
circuit. Courtesy
of HewlettPackard Co.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.5-1
Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854), who
determined Ohm’s law in 1827. The ohm
was chosen as the unit of electrical
resistance in his honor.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.5-2
Symbol for a resistor having a resistance
of R ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 2.5-3
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
A resistor operating within its specified
current range,  im, can be modeled by
Ohm’s law.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.5-4
A resistor with element current and
element voltage.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 2.5-5
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
(a) Wirewound resistor with an adjustable
center tap. (b) Wirewound resistor with a
fixed tap. Courtesy of Dale Electronics.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 2.5-6
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Small thick-film resistor chips used for
miniaturized circuits. Courtesy of Corning
Electronics.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.5-7
A 1/4-watt metal film resistor. The body of
the resistor is 6-mm long. Courtesy of
Dale Electronics.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.5-8
Model of a car battery and the headlight
lamp.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.6-1
(a) Voltage source. (b) Current source.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.6-2
(a) A plot of battery voltage versus battery
current. (b) The battery is modeled as an
independent voltage source.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.6-3
(a).Open circuit. (b) Short circuit.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.7-1
(a) A direct-reading (analog) meter.
(b) A digital meter.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.7-2
(a) Ideal ammeter. (b) Ideal voltmeter.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.7-3
(a) An example circuit,
(b) plus an open circuit and
a short circuit.
(c) The open circuit is
replaced by a voltmeter,
and the short circuit is
replaced by an ammeter.
All resistance are in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.7-4
(a) The correspondence between the color-coded probes of the
voltmeter and the reference direction of the measured voltage. In
(b) the  sign of va is on the left, while in (c) the  sign of vb is on
the right. The colored probe is shown here in blue. In the
laboratory this probe will be red. We will refer to the colored probe
as the “red probe”.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.7-5
(a) The correspondence between the color-coded probes of the
ammeter and the reference direction of the measured current. In (b) the
current ia is directed to the right, while in (c) the current ib is directed to
the left. The colored probe is shown here in blue. In the laboratory this
probe will be red. We will refer to the colored probe as the “red probe”.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 2.8-1
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
(a) A symbol for a transistor. (b) A model of the
transistor. (c) A transistor amplifier. (d) A model
of the transistor amplifier.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 2.8-2
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
A circuit containing a VCVS. The meters indicate
that the voltage of the controlling element is vc =
2.0 volts and that the current of the controlled
element is id = 1.5 amperes.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure E 2.8-1
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
A circuit containing a CCCS. The meters indicate
that the current of the controlling element is ic 
1.2 amperes and that the voltage of the
controlled element is vd 24  volts.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure E 2.8-2
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
A circuit containing a VCCS. The meters indicate
that the voltage of the controlling element is vc 
2.0 volts and that the voltage of the controlled
element is vd  2.2 volts.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure E 2.8-3
A circuit containing a CCVS. The meters
indicate that the current of the controlling
element is ic  1.25 amperes and that the
current of the controlled element is id  1.75
amperes.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.9-1
(a) The symbol and (b) a model for the
potentiometer.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 2.9-2
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
(a) A circuit containing a potentiometer.
(b) An equivalent circuit containing a model
of the potentiometer.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.9-3
(a) The symbol and (b) a model for the
temperature sensor.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.10-1
SPST switches. (a) Initially open and (b)
initially closed.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.10-2
SPDT switches. (a) Break before make
and (b) make before break.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 2.10-3
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
(a) A circuit containing several switches. (b) The
equivalent circuit for t  0 s. (c) The equivalent
circuit for 0  t  2 s. (d) The equivalent circuit for
t  2 s.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure E 2.10-1
A circuit with an SPST switch that opens
at t  3 seconds.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure E 2.10-2
A circuit with two SPST switches.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure E 2.10-3
A circuit with a make-before-break SPDT
switch.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure E 2.10-4
A circuit with a break-before-make SPDT
switch.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.11-1
A circuit with meters.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.12-1
A temperature sensor.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.12-2
(a) Measuring temperature with a temperature
sensor. (b) Adding a short circuit. (c) Replacing
the short circuit by an ammeter.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Figure 2.12-3
(a) Final design of a circuit that measures
temperature with a temperature sensor.
(b) Graph of temperature versus ammeter
current.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 2.13-1
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
(a) Physical circuit made up of devices.
(b) Its circuit model made up of circuit
elements.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed