Commentaries on Viewpoint: A role for the prefrontal cortex in
... TO THE EDITOR: We congratulate Robertson and Marino (3) for their prefrontal cortex model of exercise tolerance and termination, which is a welcome contribution to our broader understanding of the limits of human performance. The authors have constructed their model by bringing together neurocogniti ...
... TO THE EDITOR: We congratulate Robertson and Marino (3) for their prefrontal cortex model of exercise tolerance and termination, which is a welcome contribution to our broader understanding of the limits of human performance. The authors have constructed their model by bringing together neurocogniti ...
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... cells that are not part of the brain or spinal cord. Cranial nerves go through openings in the skull and stimulate regions of the head and neck. ...
... cells that are not part of the brain or spinal cord. Cranial nerves go through openings in the skull and stimulate regions of the head and neck. ...
Intersegmental synchronization of spontaneous activity of dorsal
... In the earlier study (Manjarrez et al. 2000), we suggested that the ensemble of active dorsal horn neurons that leads to the spontaneous nCDPs fires in a highly synchronized manner and is longitudinally distributed throughout several spinal segments. In 1979, Brown and colleagues examined in the spi ...
... In the earlier study (Manjarrez et al. 2000), we suggested that the ensemble of active dorsal horn neurons that leads to the spontaneous nCDPs fires in a highly synchronized manner and is longitudinally distributed throughout several spinal segments. In 1979, Brown and colleagues examined in the spi ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... cord to one or more muscle fibers (figure 18.1). The impulses conducted by these motor neurons stimulate skeletal muscle fibers, causing them to contract. Contraction continues until neuron impulses cease to stimulate the muscle fiber. By contrast, the ANS uses a pathway that includes a two-neuron c ...
... cord to one or more muscle fibers (figure 18.1). The impulses conducted by these motor neurons stimulate skeletal muscle fibers, causing them to contract. Contraction continues until neuron impulses cease to stimulate the muscle fiber. By contrast, the ANS uses a pathway that includes a two-neuron c ...
relation between cell size and response characteristics of
... resents a linear, time-invariant, noise-free system. A comparable analysis also was performed on the second and third harmonics. We considered to be positive only those units displaying a stable resting discharge, a coherence coefficient of the first harmonic to successive cycles of stimulation >0.8 ...
... resents a linear, time-invariant, noise-free system. A comparable analysis also was performed on the second and third harmonics. We considered to be positive only those units displaying a stable resting discharge, a coherence coefficient of the first harmonic to successive cycles of stimulation >0.8 ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... Sympathetic system - prepares the body for intense activity. Causes an increase in blood pressure, the release of energy-rich sugar into the blood, and the shutting down of activities not related to the body’s preparation to “fight or flee” in response to stress. ...
... Sympathetic system - prepares the body for intense activity. Causes an increase in blood pressure, the release of energy-rich sugar into the blood, and the shutting down of activities not related to the body’s preparation to “fight or flee” in response to stress. ...
Temporal and Spatial Integration in the Rat SI Vibrissa Cortex
... rats were activated only by high-velocity deflections of not more than one whisker and were not differentially responsive to the angle in which that single hair was moved. An important observation was that these unit cluster responses could be precisely correlated with appropriate individual barrels ...
... rats were activated only by high-velocity deflections of not more than one whisker and were not differentially responsive to the angle in which that single hair was moved. An important observation was that these unit cluster responses could be precisely correlated with appropriate individual barrels ...
Modulation of Responses of Feline Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
... NaCl solution and with a tip diameter of 2.0 –2.5 m, was used for tracking for individual neurons. The second glass micropipette (tip diameter 2.5–3.0 m) was used for ionophoresis. It was filled with a monoamine or one of its agonists (resistance, 6 –22 M⍀) and only inserted into the spinal cord a ...
... NaCl solution and with a tip diameter of 2.0 –2.5 m, was used for tracking for individual neurons. The second glass micropipette (tip diameter 2.5–3.0 m) was used for ionophoresis. It was filled with a monoamine or one of its agonists (resistance, 6 –22 M⍀) and only inserted into the spinal cord a ...
The computational and neural basis of voluntary motor control and
... distance of muscle from spinal cord), is called the short latency reflex, and is generated entirely by the spinal cord. Activity after 100ms has traditionally been viewed as ‘voluntary’, because movement-related EMG can be generated at this time from visual or somatosensory stimuli [40]. The time f ...
... distance of muscle from spinal cord), is called the short latency reflex, and is generated entirely by the spinal cord. Activity after 100ms has traditionally been viewed as ‘voluntary’, because movement-related EMG can be generated at this time from visual or somatosensory stimuli [40]. The time f ...
Somatic sensation pain
... • First order neurons • Terminates at lamina I- (lamina marginalis) of the spinal cord dorsal horns to synapse with the second order neurons • Fibers fast type A delta • Mechanical and acute thermal pain • 2nd order neurons • Cross immediately to the opposite side of the cord thru the anterior ...
... • First order neurons • Terminates at lamina I- (lamina marginalis) of the spinal cord dorsal horns to synapse with the second order neurons • Fibers fast type A delta • Mechanical and acute thermal pain • 2nd order neurons • Cross immediately to the opposite side of the cord thru the anterior ...
Vagal Ischemia Induced Lung Immune Component Infarct Following
... pH, respiration and heart rhythm coordination, and lung metabolism and immunity (36). Irritant receptors of the vagal nerves regulate breath rhythm via bronchial and tracheal constriction and slowing the heart rate (13). Cholinergic neurons, inhibitory noradrenergic neurons, and somatosensitive neur ...
... pH, respiration and heart rhythm coordination, and lung metabolism and immunity (36). Irritant receptors of the vagal nerves regulate breath rhythm via bronchial and tracheal constriction and slowing the heart rate (13). Cholinergic neurons, inhibitory noradrenergic neurons, and somatosensitive neur ...
Neural Basis of Visually Guided Head Movements Studied With fMRI
... Because large voluntary head movements produce gross MRI artifacts that last for the duration of the movement, head movements interfere with fMRI. We use a method first described and validated by Birn et al. (1999) to overcome this obstacle (illustrated in Fig. 2). The method uses a slow event-relat ...
... Because large voluntary head movements produce gross MRI artifacts that last for the duration of the movement, head movements interfere with fMRI. We use a method first described and validated by Birn et al. (1999) to overcome this obstacle (illustrated in Fig. 2). The method uses a slow event-relat ...
The Preoptic Nucleus in Fishes: A Comparative Discussion of
... likely that those fish that responded following a brain injection did so as a result of some peripheral action of the hormone. This situation is not likely a problem of specificity of the hormone used because large doses of AVT are also required when injected intraperitoneally. Furthermore, in view ...
... likely that those fish that responded following a brain injection did so as a result of some peripheral action of the hormone. This situation is not likely a problem of specificity of the hormone used because large doses of AVT are also required when injected intraperitoneally. Furthermore, in view ...
Integrative actions of the reticular formation The reticular activating
... and Bowden (1949) that basal diencephalic injury produced more profound EEG sleep changes than did the cerveau isol~ preparation, in which optic and olfactory pathways could still provide afferents to the R.F •• Forbes (1949) found it difficult to assume that barbiturate anesthesia, which synchroniz ...
... and Bowden (1949) that basal diencephalic injury produced more profound EEG sleep changes than did the cerveau isol~ preparation, in which optic and olfactory pathways could still provide afferents to the R.F •• Forbes (1949) found it difficult to assume that barbiturate anesthesia, which synchroniz ...
The power of the mind: the cortex as a critical determinant of muscle
... critical determinant of muscle strength/weakness and that a high level of corticospinal inhibition is an important neurophysiological factor regulating force generation. A group of healthy individuals underwent 4 wk of wrist-hand immobilization to induce weakness. Another group also underwent 4 wk o ...
... critical determinant of muscle strength/weakness and that a high level of corticospinal inhibition is an important neurophysiological factor regulating force generation. A group of healthy individuals underwent 4 wk of wrist-hand immobilization to induce weakness. Another group also underwent 4 wk o ...
Volume 11 Issue R7 Hand:Peripheral Nerves and Upper Extremity
... and knowledge of their anatomic location is essential in clinical assessment of a patient with brachial plexus abnormality. The terminal branches include the ulnar, musculocutaneous, median, radial, and axillary nerves. The median nerve arises from the lateral and medial cords (C5-T1). In the arm, t ...
... and knowledge of their anatomic location is essential in clinical assessment of a patient with brachial plexus abnormality. The terminal branches include the ulnar, musculocutaneous, median, radial, and axillary nerves. The median nerve arises from the lateral and medial cords (C5-T1). In the arm, t ...
Brain and Spinal Cord
... The Human body uses only ~3 lbs. of tissue to process all emotions, solve every equation, read every book, and take every breath All these functions, and many others, occur within the 100 billion neurons and 10 trillion neuroglia that comprise the human brain ...
... The Human body uses only ~3 lbs. of tissue to process all emotions, solve every equation, read every book, and take every breath All these functions, and many others, occur within the 100 billion neurons and 10 trillion neuroglia that comprise the human brain ...
The pattern of ocular dominance columns in macaque visual cortex
... striate cortex of the macaque monkey. The bands, which ran parallel to the surface, were seen in tangential sections stained with a reduced silver method for normal fibers and were most clear in layer 4C a, immediately deep to the line of Gennari. The dark bands were about 300 F wide and showed blin ...
... striate cortex of the macaque monkey. The bands, which ran parallel to the surface, were seen in tangential sections stained with a reduced silver method for normal fibers and were most clear in layer 4C a, immediately deep to the line of Gennari. The dark bands were about 300 F wide and showed blin ...
Pediatric Pain Management: Issues & trends
... (neurotransmitter for pain) -16 wks; cutaneous sensory receptors - 20 wks; synaptic connections -24 wks; nociceptive nerve tracts completely myelinated-30 wks ...
... (neurotransmitter for pain) -16 wks; cutaneous sensory receptors - 20 wks; synaptic connections -24 wks; nociceptive nerve tracts completely myelinated-30 wks ...
Voltage-Dependent Switching of Sensorimotor Integration by a
... the isolated STNS by equivalent cyclic (at 20 sec intervals) vpln electrical stimulations (5 V, 40 Hz for 1 sec) (Hooper et al., 1990). A single shock stimulation of the vpln inactivated bursting in specific pyloric network neurons, including the LP neuron, for several tens of seconds (Fig. 1 A, com ...
... the isolated STNS by equivalent cyclic (at 20 sec intervals) vpln electrical stimulations (5 V, 40 Hz for 1 sec) (Hooper et al., 1990). A single shock stimulation of the vpln inactivated bursting in specific pyloric network neurons, including the LP neuron, for several tens of seconds (Fig. 1 A, com ...
How Acupuncture works - Chinese Acupuncture Associates on the
... Did,low frequency (2 Hz ) produce more signal Response than high frequency ( 100 Hz ) did ,and only AP stimulation on acupoint can induce a deactivated fMRI signal image in Xue Cui Xiang OMD,Peter Zhang MD limbic And paralimbic regions therefore they concluded that the brain limbic system which cont ...
... Did,low frequency (2 Hz ) produce more signal Response than high frequency ( 100 Hz ) did ,and only AP stimulation on acupoint can induce a deactivated fMRI signal image in Xue Cui Xiang OMD,Peter Zhang MD limbic And paralimbic regions therefore they concluded that the brain limbic system which cont ...
Care and Problems of the Skeletal System
... A repetitive motion injury is damage to tissues caused by prolonged, repeated movements such as in computer work, sewing, or assembly line work. One of the most common repetitive motion injuries is carpal tunnel syndrome. This condition occurs when swollen ligaments and tendons in the wrist cause nu ...
... A repetitive motion injury is damage to tissues caused by prolonged, repeated movements such as in computer work, sewing, or assembly line work. One of the most common repetitive motion injuries is carpal tunnel syndrome. This condition occurs when swollen ligaments and tendons in the wrist cause nu ...
Chapter 15: Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems
... A repetitive motion injury is damage to tissues caused by prolonged, repeated movements such as in computer work, sewing, or assembly line work. One of the most common repetitive motion injuries is carpal tunnel syndrome. This condition occurs when swollen ligaments and tendons in the wrist cause nu ...
... A repetitive motion injury is damage to tissues caused by prolonged, repeated movements such as in computer work, sewing, or assembly line work. One of the most common repetitive motion injuries is carpal tunnel syndrome. This condition occurs when swollen ligaments and tendons in the wrist cause nu ...
The Nervous System
... Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled w ...
... Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled w ...
Mechanisms of Plasticity of Inhibition in Chronic Pain Conditions
... processes. In other cases however, it is beneficial to reduce the pain felt, as a protective adaptation. For example, lowering pain in a wounded animal fleeing from a predator might increase the possibility of escape. These examples are indicative of the effect of the surrounding conditions on the i ...
... processes. In other cases however, it is beneficial to reduce the pain felt, as a protective adaptation. For example, lowering pain in a wounded animal fleeing from a predator might increase the possibility of escape. These examples are indicative of the effect of the surrounding conditions on the i ...
Microneurography
Microneurography is a neurophysiological method employed by scientists to visualize and record the normal traffic of nerve impulses that are conducted in peripheral nerves of waking human subjects. The method has been successfully employed to reveal functional properties of a number of neural systems, e.g. sensory systems related to touch, pain, and muscle sense as well as sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of blood vessels. To study nerve impulses of an identified neural system, a fine tungsten needle electrode is inserted into the nerve and connected to a high gain recording amplifier. The exact position of the electrode tip within the nerve is then adjusted in minute steps until the electrode discriminates impulses of the neural system of interest. A unique feature and a significant strength of the microneurography method is that subjects are fully awake and able to cooperate in tests requiring mental attention, while impulses in a representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements.