Direct and indirect consequences of meiotic recombination
... has also been discussed [20]. We refer to these processes as the direct effects of recombination (further details are presented in Box 1 and Figure 1). Although one of the advantages of the indirect effects of recombination is the efficient removal of deleterious alleles from a population, its direc ...
... has also been discussed [20]. We refer to these processes as the direct effects of recombination (further details are presented in Box 1 and Figure 1). Although one of the advantages of the indirect effects of recombination is the efficient removal of deleterious alleles from a population, its direc ...
Nucleic Acids | Principles of Biology from Nature Education
... deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA encodes all the information needed to create life's diversity. It is responsible for the large variety of cells within an organism as well as the diversity among organisms of all species. How is it that a simple DNA molecule encodes the complexity of life? What are t ...
... deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA encodes all the information needed to create life's diversity. It is responsible for the large variety of cells within an organism as well as the diversity among organisms of all species. How is it that a simple DNA molecule encodes the complexity of life? What are t ...
The Occurrence of 6-Methylaminopurine in Deoxyribonucleic Acids
... soon after growth ceased. In other cultures, where incubation of the bacteria was continued for several hours after growths had ceased, the yields of DNA were exceptionally low. The optimum conditions for this type of growth have not yet been determined. ...
... soon after growth ceased. In other cultures, where incubation of the bacteria was continued for several hours after growths had ceased, the yields of DNA were exceptionally low. The optimum conditions for this type of growth have not yet been determined. ...
The genomic landscape of meiotic crossovers and gene
... Meiotic DSBs are repaired through homologous recombination (HR), in which homologous sequences are used as repair templates (San Filippo et al., 2008). The broken strand invades a homologous chromosome and is repaired through HR repair intermediates like the D-loop and double Holliday junction. Thes ...
... Meiotic DSBs are repaired through homologous recombination (HR), in which homologous sequences are used as repair templates (San Filippo et al., 2008). The broken strand invades a homologous chromosome and is repaired through HR repair intermediates like the D-loop and double Holliday junction. Thes ...
Optimization of genomic DNA shearing by sonication for
... acoustic sonication is one of the ways to randomly break DNA into small fragments, however many variables affect the outcome. Here, we describe an optimized procedure to shear genomic DNA into fragments of 150 bp to 120 bp using a focused-ultrasonicator. Parameters that were assessed included DNA qu ...
... acoustic sonication is one of the ways to randomly break DNA into small fragments, however many variables affect the outcome. Here, we describe an optimized procedure to shear genomic DNA into fragments of 150 bp to 120 bp using a focused-ultrasonicator. Parameters that were assessed included DNA qu ...
Evolutionary aspects of recombination in RNA viruses
... exchange genetic material with one another, and to acquire genes from their hosts, to this evolutionary repertoire. So, in addition to producing prodigious amounts of the raw material of evolution (mutations), these viruses also possess mechanisms that, in principle, allow them both to purge their g ...
... exchange genetic material with one another, and to acquire genes from their hosts, to this evolutionary repertoire. So, in addition to producing prodigious amounts of the raw material of evolution (mutations), these viruses also possess mechanisms that, in principle, allow them both to purge their g ...
Unit 19 Handout - Chavis Biology
... 3.3.U3: DNA is replicated before meiosis so that all chromosomes consist of two sister. State that DNA is replicated in interphase before meiosis. Given a diploid number (for example 2n=4), outline the movement and structure of DNA through the stages of meiosis. 10.1.U1: Chromosomes replicate in ...
... 3.3.U3: DNA is replicated before meiosis so that all chromosomes consist of two sister. State that DNA is replicated in interphase before meiosis. Given a diploid number (for example 2n=4), outline the movement and structure of DNA through the stages of meiosis. 10.1.U1: Chromosomes replicate in ...
Multiple Heterologies Increase Mitotic Double-Strand
... gradient (Sun et al. 1991). However, this view is incomplete since polarity gradients are eliminated in msh2 (mismatch repair) mutants (Alani et al. 1994) and when markers are used that yield poorly repaired mismatches when included in hDNA (Detloff et al. 1992), implicating mismatches/mismatch repa ...
... gradient (Sun et al. 1991). However, this view is incomplete since polarity gradients are eliminated in msh2 (mismatch repair) mutants (Alani et al. 1994) and when markers are used that yield poorly repaired mismatches when included in hDNA (Detloff et al. 1992), implicating mismatches/mismatch repa ...
20Sexual Reproduction, Meiosis, and Genetic Recombination
... The union of sperm and egg during sexual reproduction is called fertilization. The resulting fertilized egg, or zygote, is diploid, having received one chromosome set from the sperm and a homologous set from the egg. In the life cycles of multicellular organisms, fertilization is followed by a serie ...
... The union of sperm and egg during sexual reproduction is called fertilization. The resulting fertilized egg, or zygote, is diploid, having received one chromosome set from the sperm and a homologous set from the egg. In the life cycles of multicellular organisms, fertilization is followed by a serie ...
Extensive Nuclear DNA Sequence Diversity Among Chimpanzees
... of physiological and cultural differences between and within species. For example, it has been shown that chimpanzee populations differ in behavior (1); to assess whether these differences could be due to genetic factors, it is important to study the variation in the nuclear gene pools of chimpanzee ...
... of physiological and cultural differences between and within species. For example, it has been shown that chimpanzee populations differ in behavior (1); to assess whether these differences could be due to genetic factors, it is important to study the variation in the nuclear gene pools of chimpanzee ...
A novel type of replicative enzyme harbouring ATPase, primase and
... Fig. 2. ATPase activity of ORF904. (A) ORF904 from pRN1 and the homologous proteins from the other pRN plasmids contain a complete Walker A motif. Residues corresponding to the Walker A consensus motif are in bold. K586E denotes the mutated Walker A motif. (B) ORF904 (0.6 mM) was incubated with [g-3 ...
... Fig. 2. ATPase activity of ORF904. (A) ORF904 from pRN1 and the homologous proteins from the other pRN plasmids contain a complete Walker A motif. Residues corresponding to the Walker A consensus motif are in bold. K586E denotes the mutated Walker A motif. (B) ORF904 (0.6 mM) was incubated with [g-3 ...
Defective forms of cotton leaf curl virus DNA
... plants, as well as the 0±9 kbp product from one of these plants, were cloned and sequenced. In addition, the PCR products from two plants were sequenced directly. The sequences obtained for cloned or non-cloned products from the same plant were identical. Inspection of the sequences showed that the ...
... plants, as well as the 0±9 kbp product from one of these plants, were cloned and sequenced. In addition, the PCR products from two plants were sequenced directly. The sequences obtained for cloned or non-cloned products from the same plant were identical. Inspection of the sequences showed that the ...
sequence DNA - DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska
... oligonucleotide hairpins (Bonnet et al 1999) and a number of techniques are currently being developed for probing DNA at the single-molecule level (Weiss 1999, Knemeyer et al 2000). These techniques rely on hybridization of DNA changing the physical properties of the tagged probe. Recently, research ...
... oligonucleotide hairpins (Bonnet et al 1999) and a number of techniques are currently being developed for probing DNA at the single-molecule level (Weiss 1999, Knemeyer et al 2000). These techniques rely on hybridization of DNA changing the physical properties of the tagged probe. Recently, research ...
Universidad de Navarra Centro de Documentación de Bioética
... The use of DNA analysis in the field of criminal justice 7. The fight against crime is a prime concern within all the member states of the Council of Europe, and this fight needs to be pursued with the most modern and effective means at the disposal of the investigator. Forensic science can offer co ...
... The use of DNA analysis in the field of criminal justice 7. The fight against crime is a prime concern within all the member states of the Council of Europe, and this fight needs to be pursued with the most modern and effective means at the disposal of the investigator. Forensic science can offer co ...
Volume 13 Number 3 A review of DNA repair and possible
... Indirect forms of DNA damage induced by exposure to UVB include oxidized or hydrated pyrimidines (cytosine photohydrates and thymine glycols), oxidized purines (8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdg), single-strand breaks and DNA protein cross-links [7, 8, 9]. The UV fingerprint mutations are not caused ...
... Indirect forms of DNA damage induced by exposure to UVB include oxidized or hydrated pyrimidines (cytosine photohydrates and thymine glycols), oxidized purines (8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdg), single-strand breaks and DNA protein cross-links [7, 8, 9]. The UV fingerprint mutations are not caused ...
Counterstatement
... contradictory to Fact in paragraph 17. To the extent this fact is simply saying “a gene separated from chromosomal proteins will not interact with chromosomal proteins,” it is tautological. 19. An isolated complementary DNA, or “cDNA” molecule is an artificial construct that does not exist in the bo ...
... contradictory to Fact in paragraph 17. To the extent this fact is simply saying “a gene separated from chromosomal proteins will not interact with chromosomal proteins,” it is tautological. 19. An isolated complementary DNA, or “cDNA” molecule is an artificial construct that does not exist in the bo ...
Biology - Randolph High School
... Duplication of the DNA in preparation for cell division ( S phase of Interphase ) Prokaryotes Replication starts at a single point and proceeds in opposite directions ...
... Duplication of the DNA in preparation for cell division ( S phase of Interphase ) Prokaryotes Replication starts at a single point and proceeds in opposite directions ...
Mechanisms of fast and stringent search in homologous pairing of
... tunable variable whose natural evolution creates stages that efficiently and accurately form stable products. ...
... tunable variable whose natural evolution creates stages that efficiently and accurately form stable products. ...
Variable effects of DNA-synthesis inhibitors upon DNA methylation
... molecular weight DNA representing sites of initiated but incomplete DNA synthesis; and (4) occurred primarily within CpG dinucleotides, although other dinucleotides were overmethylated as well. Drug-induced CpG hypermethylation may be capable of silencing genes, an effect which may be relevant to th ...
... molecular weight DNA representing sites of initiated but incomplete DNA synthesis; and (4) occurred primarily within CpG dinucleotides, although other dinucleotides were overmethylated as well. Drug-induced CpG hypermethylation may be capable of silencing genes, an effect which may be relevant to th ...
Gel electrophoresis of partially denatured DNA. Retardation effect
... jointed chain molecule with the size of Kuhn segment about 7 nucleotidea (L~50 2) /12/. Then for a chain of N segments the mean distance between the chain ends is d=L"yN/V"2~> /12/ and for a region of ~ 70 bp H=10 and d « 1 1 0 %. If the melted regions of DNA were not deformed by the electric field, ...
... jointed chain molecule with the size of Kuhn segment about 7 nucleotidea (L~50 2) /12/. Then for a chain of N segments the mean distance between the chain ends is d=L"yN/V"2~> /12/ and for a region of ~ 70 bp H=10 and d « 1 1 0 %. If the melted regions of DNA were not deformed by the electric field, ...
Uracil in DNA
... different antibodies that can be created, we shuffle the DNA sequence in the regions that code for them, not only by recombining the existing sequences in the cells but also by creating new ones through vastly increased mutation rates, known as hypermutation. Hypermutation starts with a specific enz ...
... different antibodies that can be created, we shuffle the DNA sequence in the regions that code for them, not only by recombining the existing sequences in the cells but also by creating new ones through vastly increased mutation rates, known as hypermutation. Hypermutation starts with a specific enz ...
SNP-Based Mapping of Crossover Recombination in
... plifying scoring. In addition, multiple markers can be followed in a single cross (limited only by the number of PCRs one can carry out on the DNA sample obtained). A subset of these poly morphisms alter (create or destroy) cleavage sites for restriction endonucleases. Such polymorphisms, referred ...
... plifying scoring. In addition, multiple markers can be followed in a single cross (limited only by the number of PCRs one can carry out on the DNA sample obtained). A subset of these poly morphisms alter (create or destroy) cleavage sites for restriction endonucleases. Such polymorphisms, referred ...
Robust PCR amplification of GC-rich targets with Hot Start 7
... which formed a small amount of off-target product. These results indicate that a combination of CleanAmpTM dNTPs with CleanAmpTM 7-deaza-dGTP functions well for routine GCrich target amplification. Although a set of sequences may have a similar GC percentage, their ease of amplification may vary due ...
... which formed a small amount of off-target product. These results indicate that a combination of CleanAmpTM dNTPs with CleanAmpTM 7-deaza-dGTP functions well for routine GCrich target amplification. Although a set of sequences may have a similar GC percentage, their ease of amplification may vary due ...
letters Structural basis for the diversity of DNA recognition by bZIP
... The structure reveals how the Pap1-specific residues of the bZIP basic region recognize the target sequence and shows that the side chain of the invariant Asn in the bZIP motif adopts an alternative conformation in Pap1. This conformation, which is stabilized by a Pap1-specific residue and its assoc ...
... The structure reveals how the Pap1-specific residues of the bZIP basic region recognize the target sequence and shows that the side chain of the invariant Asn in the bZIP motif adopts an alternative conformation in Pap1. This conformation, which is stabilized by a Pap1-specific residue and its assoc ...
DNA Double Helix
... DNA Replication Each strand of the DNA double helix has all the information needed to reconstruct the other half by the mechanism of base pairing. In most prokaryotes, DNA replication begins at a single point and continues in two directions. ...
... DNA Replication Each strand of the DNA double helix has all the information needed to reconstruct the other half by the mechanism of base pairing. In most prokaryotes, DNA replication begins at a single point and continues in two directions. ...
Homologous recombination
Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA. It is most widely used by cells to accurately repair harmful breaks that occur on both strands of DNA, known as double-strand breaks. Homologous recombination also produces new combinations of DNA sequences during meiosis, the process by which eukaryotes make gamete cells, like sperm and egg cells in animals. These new combinations of DNA represent genetic variation in offspring, which in turn enables populations to adapt during the course of evolution. Homologous recombination is also used in horizontal gene transfer to exchange genetic material between different strains and species of bacteria and viruses.Although homologous recombination varies widely among different organisms and cell types, most forms involve the same basic steps. After a double-strand break occurs, sections of DNA around the 5' ends of the break are cut away in a process called resection. In the strand invasion step that follows, an overhanging 3' end of the broken DNA molecule then ""invades"" a similar or identical DNA molecule that is not broken. After strand invasion, the further sequence of events may follow either of two main pathways discussed below (see Models); the DSBR (double-strand break repair) pathway or the SDSA (synthesis-dependent strand annealing) pathway. Homologous recombination that occurs during DNA repair tends to result in non-crossover products, in effect restoring the damaged DNA molecule as it existed before the double-strand break.Homologous recombination is conserved across all three domains of life as well as viruses, suggesting that it is a nearly universal biological mechanism. The discovery of genes for homologous recombination in protists—a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms—has been interpreted as evidence that meiosis emerged early in the evolution of eukaryotes. Since their dysfunction has been strongly associated with increased susceptibility to several types of cancer, the proteins that facilitate homologous recombination are topics of active research. Homologous recombination is also used in gene targeting, a technique for introducing genetic changes into target organisms. For their development of this technique, Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.