DNA: Its Mutation, Repair, and Recombination
... probability is very low. Although it certainly seemed desirable to map sites within the gene, the problem of finding an organism that would allow fine-structure analysis remained until Benzer decided to use phage T4. r II Screening Techniques. Benzer used the T4 bacteriophage because of the growth p ...
... probability is very low. Although it certainly seemed desirable to map sites within the gene, the problem of finding an organism that would allow fine-structure analysis remained until Benzer decided to use phage T4. r II Screening Techniques. Benzer used the T4 bacteriophage because of the growth p ...
The orientation bias of Chi sequences is a general tendency of G
... with the direction of transcription than with that of replication (Bell et al., 1998; Lao and Forsdyke, 2000). The direction of replication and transcription coincide in only 54% of genes in E. coli, and so these directions do not seem to be in a causal relationship. There are suggestions about the ...
... with the direction of transcription than with that of replication (Bell et al., 1998; Lao and Forsdyke, 2000). The direction of replication and transcription coincide in only 54% of genes in E. coli, and so these directions do not seem to be in a causal relationship. There are suggestions about the ...
Chapter 1 Introduction to DNA Recognition By Minor Groove
... sequences amenable to recognition of by minor groove-binding polyamides. Chapter 2 discusses the design and synthesis of fluorophore-polyamide conjugates and the building blocks required for their construction. Chapter 3 presents selfquenched fluorophore-polyamide conjugates as sequence specific pro ...
... sequences amenable to recognition of by minor groove-binding polyamides. Chapter 2 discusses the design and synthesis of fluorophore-polyamide conjugates and the building blocks required for their construction. Chapter 3 presents selfquenched fluorophore-polyamide conjugates as sequence specific pro ...
Genetics of mammalian meiosis: regulation, dynamics and impact
... undergo at least one CO can result in both homologues segregating to the same daughter cell at the reductional division, leading to aneuploidy. Meiotic recombination involves several steps (FIG. 3), including formation of DSBs, exonucleolytic resection of 5′ ends at the breaks and strand invasion in ...
... undergo at least one CO can result in both homologues segregating to the same daughter cell at the reductional division, leading to aneuploidy. Meiotic recombination involves several steps (FIG. 3), including formation of DSBs, exonucleolytic resection of 5′ ends at the breaks and strand invasion in ...
1495/Chapter 07
... complete the sequence. The cell, on the other hand, needs only a few hours to copy the same material. The error rate of the cell’s replication process is about one per billion nucleotide pairs, which is the equivalent of you making a one-letter error once in every five years of steady typing. The re ...
... complete the sequence. The cell, on the other hand, needs only a few hours to copy the same material. The error rate of the cell’s replication process is about one per billion nucleotide pairs, which is the equivalent of you making a one-letter error once in every five years of steady typing. The re ...
DNA Methylation Mechanisms and Analysis Methods to
... Suggestions for bisulfite-specific primer design: 1. The fewer CpG sites, the better 2. When CpG sites are present, keep them away from the 3’ end ...
... Suggestions for bisulfite-specific primer design: 1. The fewer CpG sites, the better 2. When CpG sites are present, keep them away from the 3’ end ...
in yeast pontecorvo, roper, hemmons, jacob
... and of recombination on the three mechanisms. These results can then be compared with the frequencies obtained by DR. HAWTHORNE on the basis of tetrad analysis. The frequency of crossovers, recombination, and the expected numbers of homozygotes resulting from double and multiple crossovers have been ...
... and of recombination on the three mechanisms. These results can then be compared with the frequencies obtained by DR. HAWTHORNE on the basis of tetrad analysis. The frequency of crossovers, recombination, and the expected numbers of homozygotes resulting from double and multiple crossovers have been ...
Repair of Site-Specific DNA Double-Strand Breaks in
... error-free if it utilizes the identical intact sister chromatid as template, but it may also use the homologous chromosome or ectopic (nonallelic) homologous sequences as template (reviewed in Puchta, 2005; Heyer et al., 2010; Jasin and Rothstein, 2013). In the latter case, HR is error-prone. HR is ...
... error-free if it utilizes the identical intact sister chromatid as template, but it may also use the homologous chromosome or ectopic (nonallelic) homologous sequences as template (reviewed in Puchta, 2005; Heyer et al., 2010; Jasin and Rothstein, 2013). In the latter case, HR is error-prone. HR is ...
Does Crossover Interference Count in
... its S. cerevisiae homolog, MSH4. In both yeast and C. elegans, msh4/him-14 mutations reduce crossing over, apparently without affecting the formation or final level of repair of DSBs (Ross-Macdonald and Roeder 1994; Novak et al. 2001; Colaiácovo et al. 2003). In C. elegans, however, him-14 mutation ...
... its S. cerevisiae homolog, MSH4. In both yeast and C. elegans, msh4/him-14 mutations reduce crossing over, apparently without affecting the formation or final level of repair of DSBs (Ross-Macdonald and Roeder 1994; Novak et al. 2001; Colaiácovo et al. 2003). In C. elegans, however, him-14 mutation ...
Chapter 11
... Replication • On the lagging strand, growing in the other direction, DNA is made in the 5’-to-3’ direction but synthesis is discontinuous: • DNA is added as short fragments to primers, then the polymerase skips past the 5’ end to make the next fragment. Review Figures 11.16, 11.17 and 11.18 ...
... Replication • On the lagging strand, growing in the other direction, DNA is made in the 5’-to-3’ direction but synthesis is discontinuous: • DNA is added as short fragments to primers, then the polymerase skips past the 5’ end to make the next fragment. Review Figures 11.16, 11.17 and 11.18 ...
Electroosmotic screening of the DNA charge in a
... 5 ns was required to balance the effective driving force by the force of the spring. Each simulation was continued for an additional 15 ns to determine the radial distribution of ions, the velocity profile of water, and the average stall force F . In a nanopore, the radial density of counterions dep ...
... 5 ns was required to balance the effective driving force by the force of the spring. Each simulation was continued for an additional 15 ns to determine the radial distribution of ions, the velocity profile of water, and the average stall force F . In a nanopore, the radial density of counterions dep ...
Identification of Binding Mechanisms in Single Molecule–DNA
... is crucial to a deeper understanding of such important biochemical processes as replication, repair, recombination, and expression of genes. In principle, the possible binding mechanisms of ligands to double-stranded (ds) DNA can be divided into sequence-specific binding, and, on the other hand, bin ...
... is crucial to a deeper understanding of such important biochemical processes as replication, repair, recombination, and expression of genes. In principle, the possible binding mechanisms of ligands to double-stranded (ds) DNA can be divided into sequence-specific binding, and, on the other hand, bin ...
Cryptography Based on DNA Using Random key Generation
... and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. The most common form of DNA in a cell is in a double helix structure, in which two individual DNA strands twist around each other in a right-handed spiral. In this structure, the base pairing rules specify that guanine pairs with cyt ...
... and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. The most common form of DNA in a cell is in a double helix structure, in which two individual DNA strands twist around each other in a right-handed spiral. In this structure, the base pairing rules specify that guanine pairs with cyt ...
Differences in the interaction of poly-L
... melting profiles and., their derivative curves as shown in Pigs. 2 and 3 for DNA from calf thymus and very GC-rich DNA from Streptomyces chrysomallus. A biphasic melting is observed at pH 6.3 to 6.5 and at pH 5.1 of the calf thymus DNA in the presence of increasing r1 ratios. Complex formation is in ...
... melting profiles and., their derivative curves as shown in Pigs. 2 and 3 for DNA from calf thymus and very GC-rich DNA from Streptomyces chrysomallus. A biphasic melting is observed at pH 6.3 to 6.5 and at pH 5.1 of the calf thymus DNA in the presence of increasing r1 ratios. Complex formation is in ...
dna: the indispensible forensic science tool
... • DNA duplicates itself prior to cell division. • DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA strands of the double helix. • Each strand is now exposed to a collection of free nucleotides that will be used to recreate the double helix, letter by letter, using base pairing. • Many enzymes an ...
... • DNA duplicates itself prior to cell division. • DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA strands of the double helix. • Each strand is now exposed to a collection of free nucleotides that will be used to recreate the double helix, letter by letter, using base pairing. • Many enzymes an ...
Modes of Selection and Recombination Response in Drosophila
... Our working hypothesis predicted that the recombination index would decrease as a result of stabilizing selection. While only one comparison (M2, chromosome 3, generation 15) is statistically significantly different from the control, seven of the eight comparisons of M1 and M2 to the control have a ...
... Our working hypothesis predicted that the recombination index would decrease as a result of stabilizing selection. While only one comparison (M2, chromosome 3, generation 15) is statistically significantly different from the control, seven of the eight comparisons of M1 and M2 to the control have a ...
Construction of a Genetic Linkage Map in Man Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms.
... might simply be the result of single-base pair changes, although other possibilities can be imagined. Deletions, additions, and other local rearrangements should also manifest Mendelian inheritance. RFLPs within distant translocations, however, will reveal unusual inheritance, since the probe may be ...
... might simply be the result of single-base pair changes, although other possibilities can be imagined. Deletions, additions, and other local rearrangements should also manifest Mendelian inheritance. RFLPs within distant translocations, however, will reveal unusual inheritance, since the probe may be ...
Strategies for the in vitro Evolution of Protein
... typically accumulate a single bene®cial mutation per generation. A simple restriction/ligation experiment demonstrated that recombination of mutations present in at least two of those sequences could further improve pNB esterase activity. Recombining gene segments from two improved pNB esterase vari ...
... typically accumulate a single bene®cial mutation per generation. A simple restriction/ligation experiment demonstrated that recombination of mutations present in at least two of those sequences could further improve pNB esterase activity. Recombining gene segments from two improved pNB esterase vari ...
NUCLEIC ACIDS
... divided and packaged into 46 separate structures known as chromosomes. During the interphase, when the DNA needs to be accessible to the transcription and replication enzymes, it is packaged into less densely mitotic chromosomes known as chromatin. Chromatin can be detected by microscopic staining, ...
... divided and packaged into 46 separate structures known as chromosomes. During the interphase, when the DNA needs to be accessible to the transcription and replication enzymes, it is packaged into less densely mitotic chromosomes known as chromatin. Chromatin can be detected by microscopic staining, ...
PDF
... and the appearance of NHEJ hallmarks in the fusion points [15– 17,34]. We tested this hypothesis in this study. Numts inserted from the mitochondria potentially could be inserted by homologous recombination between chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA. If this is true, numt-flanking regions should show ...
... and the appearance of NHEJ hallmarks in the fusion points [15– 17,34]. We tested this hypothesis in this study. Numts inserted from the mitochondria potentially could be inserted by homologous recombination between chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA. If this is true, numt-flanking regions should show ...
DNA - QuarkPhysics.ca
... groove and the smaller one the minor groove. Since the major and minor grooves expose the edges of the bases, the grooves can be used to tell the base sequence of some part of a DNA molecule. This is very important since proteins (enzymes) must be able to recognize specific DNA sequences on which to ...
... groove and the smaller one the minor groove. Since the major and minor grooves expose the edges of the bases, the grooves can be used to tell the base sequence of some part of a DNA molecule. This is very important since proteins (enzymes) must be able to recognize specific DNA sequences on which to ...
10 Modeling DNA Structure
... hydrogen bonds form between two nitrogenous bases on two strands of DNA. This is shown on Transparency 10.1, “DNA Structure.” The diagram shows the two hydrogen bonds that connect A and T and the three that connect C and G. In their models, students make one connection to represent these bonds. When ...
... hydrogen bonds form between two nitrogenous bases on two strands of DNA. This is shown on Transparency 10.1, “DNA Structure.” The diagram shows the two hydrogen bonds that connect A and T and the three that connect C and G. In their models, students make one connection to represent these bonds. When ...
Structural determinants of DNA recognition by plant MADS
... central parts of their MADS-domains form an antiparallel coiled-coil, made of two amphipathic a helices—one from each subunit. This coiled coil lies flat on the DNA minor groove (2). The N-terminal regions penetrate into the minor groove and stabilize bending of the DNA. The C-terminal part of the MA ...
... central parts of their MADS-domains form an antiparallel coiled-coil, made of two amphipathic a helices—one from each subunit. This coiled coil lies flat on the DNA minor groove (2). The N-terminal regions penetrate into the minor groove and stabilize bending of the DNA. The C-terminal part of the MA ...
IV. Enzymology of DNA Replication
... 1. Problems with linearity a) Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, the ends of which are called telomeres b) After replication, the newly synthesized lagging strand will contain an RNA primer at its 5' end (1) DNA polymerase I cannot replace this with deoxynucleotides as there is no 3'OH group availa ...
... 1. Problems with linearity a) Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, the ends of which are called telomeres b) After replication, the newly synthesized lagging strand will contain an RNA primer at its 5' end (1) DNA polymerase I cannot replace this with deoxynucleotides as there is no 3'OH group availa ...
Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA ligase IV
... primarily by homologous recombination in S.cerevisiae, these data suggest that LIG4 is not essential for the latter process. Consistent with this, we have been unable to detect significant differences in the efficiency of homologous recombination-mediated targeted integration into various loci in th ...
... primarily by homologous recombination in S.cerevisiae, these data suggest that LIG4 is not essential for the latter process. Consistent with this, we have been unable to detect significant differences in the efficiency of homologous recombination-mediated targeted integration into various loci in th ...
Homologous recombination
Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA. It is most widely used by cells to accurately repair harmful breaks that occur on both strands of DNA, known as double-strand breaks. Homologous recombination also produces new combinations of DNA sequences during meiosis, the process by which eukaryotes make gamete cells, like sperm and egg cells in animals. These new combinations of DNA represent genetic variation in offspring, which in turn enables populations to adapt during the course of evolution. Homologous recombination is also used in horizontal gene transfer to exchange genetic material between different strains and species of bacteria and viruses.Although homologous recombination varies widely among different organisms and cell types, most forms involve the same basic steps. After a double-strand break occurs, sections of DNA around the 5' ends of the break are cut away in a process called resection. In the strand invasion step that follows, an overhanging 3' end of the broken DNA molecule then ""invades"" a similar or identical DNA molecule that is not broken. After strand invasion, the further sequence of events may follow either of two main pathways discussed below (see Models); the DSBR (double-strand break repair) pathway or the SDSA (synthesis-dependent strand annealing) pathway. Homologous recombination that occurs during DNA repair tends to result in non-crossover products, in effect restoring the damaged DNA molecule as it existed before the double-strand break.Homologous recombination is conserved across all three domains of life as well as viruses, suggesting that it is a nearly universal biological mechanism. The discovery of genes for homologous recombination in protists—a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms—has been interpreted as evidence that meiosis emerged early in the evolution of eukaryotes. Since their dysfunction has been strongly associated with increased susceptibility to several types of cancer, the proteins that facilitate homologous recombination are topics of active research. Homologous recombination is also used in gene targeting, a technique for introducing genetic changes into target organisms. For their development of this technique, Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.