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Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Action

... action, pharmacokinetics, potential for drugdrug interactions, and adverse effects, is essential for successful therapy ...
NMDJ part II
NMDJ part II

... the typical dose range. In these cases, signs of morphine toxicity developed within one to two days after starting codeine. The post-mortem morphine concentrations in the three children who died were substantially higher than the typical therapeutic range. FDA is conducting a review to determine if ...
Hallucinatory and rewarding effect of salvinorin A in zebrafish: κ
Hallucinatory and rewarding effect of salvinorin A in zebrafish: κ

... experiences, fear, terror and panic, increased perspiration and possible difficulty integrating experiences), and people have no desire to repeat the experience (Turner 1996). Users, particularly teenagers, claim the drug is not addictive, but its potential abuse is not known. Salvinorin A is a pote ...
The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive
The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive

... the theory is elaborated and its implications discussed in greater detail. 2. THE INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION: AN OVERVIEW ...
Chronic WIN55,212-2 elicits sustained and conditioned increases in
Chronic WIN55,212-2 elicits sustained and conditioned increases in

... and pathways of the brain, which are collectively known as brain reward systems. In most cases, these drugs also yield reinforcing and rewarding effects in experimental animals, as assessed by relevant animal models, such as self-administration, conditioned place preference and intracranial self-sti ...
Pharmacology Study Guide - Wright State University`s College of
Pharmacology Study Guide - Wright State University`s College of

... specific. There are many medications on the test and many could be. As applicable, both brand and generic names are used. We recognize the attached grid is very lengthy, but have included some of the key components as identified below. Most medications addressed are either high usage or high risk. P ...
Users Guide - AHFS Drug Information
Users Guide - AHFS Drug Information

... in occurrence. The general Adverse Effects subsection usually is replaced by multiple subsections that are specifically divided by body system affected (e.g., GI, CNS, Hematologic) or by type of effect (e.g., Sensitivity Reactions). The Precautions and Contraindications subsection includes any speci ...
Drugs - ilc.edu.hk
Drugs - ilc.edu.hk

... When the drug has passed all the phases of the clinical research  the pharmaceutical company of the drug needs to make a formal application to the regulatory authority (like Food and Drug Administration in the US) for ...
Vasoconstrictors: Myths and Realities
Vasoconstrictors: Myths and Realities

... well as inhibiting a cell’s ability to remove receptors from its surface.5 As early as 1946, there were reports of the adverse rebound effects of nasal vasoconstrictor use.6 In fact, most of the studies describing rebound relate to the use of nasal vasoconstrictors. The picture is not as well-define ...
Introduction - InterVivo Solutions
Introduction - InterVivo Solutions

... Figure 5. Upper panel: Effect of Lorcaserin (0.1-1 mg/kg SC), Ro 60-0175 (0.1-1 mg/kg SC) and CP-809101 (0.1-3 mg/kg on responding for food under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. In each experiment a drug + SB-242084 (0.5 mg/kg IP) arm was also included. * p<0.05 vs. vehicle, # p<0.05 ...
Marijuana
Marijuana

... widely, depending on the genetic strain of the plant and growing conditions. Potency can be increased by preventing pollination and seed production by the female plants. This marijuana is called sinsemilla (“without seeds”). Makes up 50% of confiscated marijuana. 11% considered “high grade” ...
Herbal Supplements - St. Vincent Healthcare
Herbal Supplements - St. Vincent Healthcare

... supplements are medications, they can have side effects and interact with other medications you may be taking. Even though herbal products are available without a prescription, medical guidance is still necessary to ensure safety. ...
IBOGAINE
IBOGAINE

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Therapy for Chronic and Acute Heart Failure
Therapy for Chronic and Acute Heart Failure

... 1. Inhibits the Phosphodiaesterase type III leads to ↑ level of cAMP a. ↑cAMP will lead to activation of Protein Kinase A in which will further i. ↑ Ca level in the cytoplasm by 1. ↑Ca entry through Ca channel 2. ↓Ca sequestration (taking up) into the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 2. This will then ↑ cardi ...
Epinephrine Injection, USP
Epinephrine Injection, USP

... Use of epinephrine with excessive doses of digitalis, mercurial diuretics, or other drugs that sensitize the heart to arrhythmias is not recommended. Anginal pain may be induced when coronary insufficiency is present. The effects of epinephrine may be potentiated by tricyclic antidepressants; certai ...
Antiarrhythmic drugs
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2 MB - opioids_
2 MB - opioids_

... • Inhibition of serotonin reuptake and the potential dangerous interaction with MAOIs • serotoninergic crisis manifested as clonus, agitation, hyperreflexia, and hyperthermia. • Chlorpromazine with steroids ...
Herb-drug interactions
Herb-drug interactions

... – inhibitors of CYP2D6 should not be taken because of metabolism of prodrug to its active form. Genetic polymorphism in population. Several antidepressants are strong inhibitors but SJW is weak if at all. Valerian in vitro activity. Goldenseal – strong inhibition in clinical trial. ► Chinese herbs – ...
neuro 2007 - addiction education home
neuro 2007 - addiction education home

... of time-estimation, drugs of abuse dramatically change time-estimation, indicating that dopaminergic activities may mediate time-estimation. With respect to neuronal changes induced by drugs of abuse, recent studies have revealed that gap junction proteins (e.g., connexin 36) in dopamine neurons are ...
Managing Insomnia and Anxiety In the Elderly
Managing Insomnia and Anxiety In the Elderly

... Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requested that BristolMyers Squibb strengthen its US label for warfarin (Coumadin) to include a black-box warning about the risk for major or fatal bleeding. The new black box notes that warfarin can cause major or fatal bleeding. – Bleeding is more likely to occur ...
Examination of Cholinergic Activity during Nicotine
Examination of Cholinergic Activity during Nicotine

... CHARLES R. DREW UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND SCIENCE 9th Drug Abuse Research Symposium September 12, 2014 ...
Dopaminergic Pathways and their
Dopaminergic Pathways and their

... dopaminergic terminals in the hypothalamus and other forebrain areas including the cortex makes it likely that it sustains a transmitter role over a wide range of functions (Costa & Gessa, 1977). Extra-cerebral dopamine mechanisms Although dopamine is synthesized in the periphery as a precursor of n ...
Effects of Chronic Methylphenidate on Cocaine Self
Effects of Chronic Methylphenidate on Cocaine Self

... administration, unconditioned effects of MPD were noted on several days indicated with asterisks along the abscissa in Fig. 2, particularly in R-1429. Such effects included self- or experimenter-directed aggression (e.g., threats, picking or biting the leg and/or harness) as well as increased locomo ...
How to withdraw - Surviving Antidepressants
How to withdraw - Surviving Antidepressants

... Antidepressants and other drugs are also a physical stressor on the brain and body. These stresses cause problems that endure after treatment is withdrawn – such as the tardive dyskinesia after antipsychotic withdrawal – see below. A stress effect is something a person may ultimately bounce back fro ...
pharmacology 2008 - addiction education home
pharmacology 2008 - addiction education home

... Addictive drugs can profoundly affect social behaviour both acutely and in the long-term. Effects range from the artificial sociability imbued by various intoxicating agents to the depressed and socially withdrawn state frequently observed in chronic drug users. Understanding such effects is of grea ...
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Stimulant



Stimulants (also referred to as psychostimulants) are psychoactive drugs that induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical functions or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others. Due to their rendering a characteristic ""up"" feeling, stimulants are also occasionally referred to as ""uppers"". Depressants or ""downers"", which decrease mental and/or physical function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are considered to be their functional opposites. Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines and without prescription both as legal substances and illicit substances of recreational use or abuse.
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