The Drug Dealers
... Topical pain and anti-inflammatory patch ◦ Marketable to arthritis sufferers and people with injuries ◦ Those who would otherwise take an oral dose ...
... Topical pain and anti-inflammatory patch ◦ Marketable to arthritis sufferers and people with injuries ◦ Those who would otherwise take an oral dose ...
Drug development
... Animal testing (cont.) • ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) • Absorption includes route of administration, dosage form, effects of food, % of absorption, and effect of the first pass through the liver. • Distribution includes peak and trough tissue concentrations and accumula ...
... Animal testing (cont.) • ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) • Absorption includes route of administration, dosage form, effects of food, % of absorption, and effect of the first pass through the liver. • Distribution includes peak and trough tissue concentrations and accumula ...
lecture1-GENERAL PHA..
... No complete absorption - Destruction by pH & enzymes - GIT irritation - Food - Drug interactions -Drug-Drug interactions - First pass effect - Low bioavailability Not suitable for vomiting & unconscious patient emergency & bad taste drugs ...
... No complete absorption - Destruction by pH & enzymes - GIT irritation - Food - Drug interactions -Drug-Drug interactions - First pass effect - Low bioavailability Not suitable for vomiting & unconscious patient emergency & bad taste drugs ...
Introduction to Pharmacology
... estimate of changes in drug effect • Some drug effects are delayed due to the time lag between the rise in plasma concentrations and the time needed for the drug to distribute to the site of action • Other drug effects require changes in gene expression and protein synthesis to occur before becoming ...
... estimate of changes in drug effect • Some drug effects are delayed due to the time lag between the rise in plasma concentrations and the time needed for the drug to distribute to the site of action • Other drug effects require changes in gene expression and protein synthesis to occur before becoming ...
Different categories of medicines and their actions
... • Aim is to give the patient a dose of drug that achieves the desired effect without causing harmful side effects • Therapeutic Index(TI) is the ratio of the therapeutic dose to the toxic dose • Egs of drugs with low TI include digoxin lithium and methotrexate ...
... • Aim is to give the patient a dose of drug that achieves the desired effect without causing harmful side effects • Therapeutic Index(TI) is the ratio of the therapeutic dose to the toxic dose • Egs of drugs with low TI include digoxin lithium and methotrexate ...
Medication
... Drug Nomenclature Chemical name — describes the chemical constituents of the drug Generic name — assigned by the manufacturer that first develops the drug Trade name — brand name given by the company that sells the drug ...
... Drug Nomenclature Chemical name — describes the chemical constituents of the drug Generic name — assigned by the manufacturer that first develops the drug Trade name — brand name given by the company that sells the drug ...
Medication-KSU
... Drug Nomenclature Chemical name — describes the chemical constituents of the drug Generic name — assigned by the manufacturer that first develops the drug Trade name — brand name given by the company that sells the drug ...
... Drug Nomenclature Chemical name — describes the chemical constituents of the drug Generic name — assigned by the manufacturer that first develops the drug Trade name — brand name given by the company that sells the drug ...
Slide 1
... the molecular targets for drugs and how they produce their effects. the mechanisms responsible for drug-resistance in cancer cells, microorganisms and parasites. how drugs can be used to prevent conditions such as cancer, heart disease and neurodegeneration. how the body terminates the action of a d ...
... the molecular targets for drugs and how they produce their effects. the mechanisms responsible for drug-resistance in cancer cells, microorganisms and parasites. how drugs can be used to prevent conditions such as cancer, heart disease and neurodegeneration. how the body terminates the action of a d ...
Biomedical Therapies
... Anti-anxiety Medication – Depresses central nervous system activity – Should be used with psychotherapy – Specific Drugs: • Xanax • Ativan – Criticisms: • Masks the problem, not a solution • Can create psychological dependence ...
... Anti-anxiety Medication – Depresses central nervous system activity – Should be used with psychotherapy – Specific Drugs: • Xanax • Ativan – Criticisms: • Masks the problem, not a solution • Can create psychological dependence ...
Drug Metabolism
... Renal elimination of a drug Glomerular filtration: Drugs enter the kidney through renal arteries, which divide to form a glomerular capillary plexus. Free drug (not bound to albumin) are filtered quickly while bound drugs are poorly filtered. Proximal tubular secretion: in case of high lipid sol ...
... Renal elimination of a drug Glomerular filtration: Drugs enter the kidney through renal arteries, which divide to form a glomerular capillary plexus. Free drug (not bound to albumin) are filtered quickly while bound drugs are poorly filtered. Proximal tubular secretion: in case of high lipid sol ...
Pharmaceutical Technology
... 2 - Co – Solvents: are often used to increase the water solubility of drugs which do not contain ionizable group(s) and whose solubility can not be increased by pH adjustment, i.e. ‘like dissolves like’. Thus, non-polar drugs are poorly soluble in water – a polar solvent. To increase the solubility ...
... 2 - Co – Solvents: are often used to increase the water solubility of drugs which do not contain ionizable group(s) and whose solubility can not be increased by pH adjustment, i.e. ‘like dissolves like’. Thus, non-polar drugs are poorly soluble in water – a polar solvent. To increase the solubility ...
Effects of Medication - Weatherford High School
... • 1. May damage function of vital organs over prolonged time • 2. May be minimized by reducing dosage or switching medication ...
... • 1. May damage function of vital organs over prolonged time • 2. May be minimized by reducing dosage or switching medication ...
Quick Reference Guide
... The AHFS DI Essentials and AHFS DI databases provide deepening levels of information, enhancing Lexicomp clear, concise, point-of-care content. 6 Links to AHFS Essentials and AHFS DI provide seamless access to off-label uses, role in therapy/comparative efficacy review, more than 70,000 uniquely-cit ...
... The AHFS DI Essentials and AHFS DI databases provide deepening levels of information, enhancing Lexicomp clear, concise, point-of-care content. 6 Links to AHFS Essentials and AHFS DI provide seamless access to off-label uses, role in therapy/comparative efficacy review, more than 70,000 uniquely-cit ...
Rudolf E. Noble, M. D.
... categories were randomly assigned to one of three drug conditions . The wei g ht categories were normal weight (n = 36), mildly overweight (n = 72), moderately overweight (n = 72), and severly overweigh t (n = 36) . Su b jects received a test medication (either an active product or placebo) three ti ...
... categories were randomly assigned to one of three drug conditions . The wei g ht categories were normal weight (n = 36), mildly overweight (n = 72), moderately overweight (n = 72), and severly overweigh t (n = 36) . Su b jects received a test medication (either an active product or placebo) three ti ...
More Foundations (not in your book
... Do not confuse with: – Adverse drug reaction - an undesirable drug effect from mild to severe – Drug incompatibility - chemical or physical reaction that occurs among two or more drugs outside the body Pharmacokinetic Interaction Absorption When a person takes two drugs at the same time, the rat ...
... Do not confuse with: – Adverse drug reaction - an undesirable drug effect from mild to severe – Drug incompatibility - chemical or physical reaction that occurs among two or more drugs outside the body Pharmacokinetic Interaction Absorption When a person takes two drugs at the same time, the rat ...
Chapter 2 Law and Ethics of Pharmacy Teresa Hopper
... • Classification puts the drug into the proper category based on its chemical reactions • Indication lists the main conditions that this chemical is used for • The founding company also gives the chemical a trade name ...
... • Classification puts the drug into the proper category based on its chemical reactions • Indication lists the main conditions that this chemical is used for • The founding company also gives the chemical a trade name ...
Slide 1
... • Pharmacotherapy : The main effects of drugs on different diseases • Pharmacodynamic : The effects of drugs on living system • Pharmacokinetic : The fate of drugs in living system • Pharmacognosy : Natural sources of drugs • Pharmacogenetic : Different responses to drugs because of genetic varia ...
... • Pharmacotherapy : The main effects of drugs on different diseases • Pharmacodynamic : The effects of drugs on living system • Pharmacokinetic : The fate of drugs in living system • Pharmacognosy : Natural sources of drugs • Pharmacogenetic : Different responses to drugs because of genetic varia ...
Slide 1
... • Pharmacotherapy : The main effects of drugs on different diseases • Pharmacodynamic : The effects of drugs on living system • Pharmacokinetic : The fate of drugs in living system • Pharmacognosy : Natural sources of drugs • Pharmacogenetic : Different responses to drugs because of genetic varia ...
... • Pharmacotherapy : The main effects of drugs on different diseases • Pharmacodynamic : The effects of drugs on living system • Pharmacokinetic : The fate of drugs in living system • Pharmacognosy : Natural sources of drugs • Pharmacogenetic : Different responses to drugs because of genetic varia ...
The Medicalizing of America
... unnecessary medication with its cost and complications, could we be doing more harm than good? Do New Cutoff Points Add Years to Life? The medical literature is awash in "clinical drug trials"; a Google search using this term yielded 10.4 million hits. The vast majority of these studies have margina ...
... unnecessary medication with its cost and complications, could we be doing more harm than good? Do New Cutoff Points Add Years to Life? The medical literature is awash in "clinical drug trials"; a Google search using this term yielded 10.4 million hits. The vast majority of these studies have margina ...
No Slide Title
... Can assay 100,000 compounds a day 1990 ~ 200,000 compounds screened per year 1995 ~ 5-6 106 compounds screened per year 2000 > 50 106 compounds screened per year in a large pharmaceutical company Increase in number of hits (compounds that elicit a predetermined level of activity) So far, no incr ...
... Can assay 100,000 compounds a day 1990 ~ 200,000 compounds screened per year 1995 ~ 5-6 106 compounds screened per year 2000 > 50 106 compounds screened per year in a large pharmaceutical company Increase in number of hits (compounds that elicit a predetermined level of activity) So far, no incr ...
Therapeutic Decision Making Exam information sheet for candidates
... evaluate and apply knowledge of everyday therapeutics. Responses will be marked according to your understanding of clinical issues, relevance and appropriateness of your decisions. Format and Marking: There are 40 cases, and each case is equally important to the total score, regardless of the num ...
... evaluate and apply knowledge of everyday therapeutics. Responses will be marked according to your understanding of clinical issues, relevance and appropriateness of your decisions. Format and Marking: There are 40 cases, and each case is equally important to the total score, regardless of the num ...
1 - A patient allergic to penicillin group of antibiotics has to avoid
... 75-The time of peak serum concentration gives indication of the relative rate of: a. absorption d- elimination b. distribution e. biotransformation c. metabolism 76-The area under the serum concentration vs. time curve (AUC) represents the: a. biologic half-time of the drug b. amount of the drug th ...
... 75-The time of peak serum concentration gives indication of the relative rate of: a. absorption d- elimination b. distribution e. biotransformation c. metabolism 76-The area under the serum concentration vs. time curve (AUC) represents the: a. biologic half-time of the drug b. amount of the drug th ...
1- Drug administration and absorption TEAM436
... • Know the various mechanisms of drug absorption. • List different factors affecting drug absorption. • Define bioavailability and factors affecting it. ...
... • Know the various mechanisms of drug absorption. • List different factors affecting drug absorption. • Define bioavailability and factors affecting it. ...
1 hour 05 Minutes
... was having full awareness during surgery with recall after it. Most probably she got: a) Ketamine. b) Enflurane. c) Fentanyl. d) Thiopental. e) Midazolam. Q.13 Lidocaine, an amide was injected in an infected tissue to get a local anaesthesia; its pKa is 7.9; 90% of the drug converted in an ionized s ...
... was having full awareness during surgery with recall after it. Most probably she got: a) Ketamine. b) Enflurane. c) Fentanyl. d) Thiopental. e) Midazolam. Q.13 Lidocaine, an amide was injected in an infected tissue to get a local anaesthesia; its pKa is 7.9; 90% of the drug converted in an ionized s ...
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.