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No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... Out of Africa • Neanderthal mT DNA: – Very different from modern humans – Hard to reconcile difference with possible presence of some Neanderthal ancestry in modern ...
Sample Submission Form
Sample Submission Form

... uniparental disomy (UPD) on the genome level 1 CMA is indicated for clinical disorders in which a chromosomal abnormality is suspected. 2 This analysis can detect deletions or duplications ranging in length from 15 kb to an entire chromosome. In certain regions, it can detect deletions or duplicatio ...
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... medicines to combat illnesses (Ex. Insulin to help individuals stricken with diabetes.) or do you believe messing with biotechnology is helping organisms not deemed fit by nature to survive?  I believe that it is more important to create new technology to try and keep people alive. Doing this can m ...
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Genetic Exchange - Pennsylvania State University
Genetic Exchange - Pennsylvania State University

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... 1. The complete set of genetic information an organism carries in its DNA is its A. karyotype. B. genome. C. chromosomes. D. autosomes. 2. From what is a karyotype made? A. A photograph of cells in mitosis B. A series of X-diffraction images C. A preparation of gametes on a microscope slide D. A Pun ...
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... (where a section of a chromosome is inverted or reversed), will not be identified using array CGH. This is because balanced chromosome rearrangements do not result in any loss or gain of chromosome material. It will also not detect some types of polyploidy (more than the usual 2 sets of chromosomes) ...
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... • Approximately 5% of your DNA codes for proteins • The other ~95% is non-coding or ‘junk’ DNA which varies greatly between individuals • In this ‘junk’ there are sections which have repeated patterns • These repeated patterns are what is used to identify an individual when doing DNA profiling • a m ...
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Comparative genomic hybridization



Comparative genomic hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells. The aim of this technique is to quickly and efficiently compare two genomic DNA samples arising from two sources, which are most often closely related, because it is suspected that they contain differences in terms of either gains or losses of either whole chromosomes or subchromosomal regions (a portion of a whole chromosome). This technique was originally developed for the evaluation of the differences between the chromosomal complements of solid tumor and normal tissue, and has an improved resoIution of 5-10 megabases compared to the more traditional cytogenetic analysis techniques of giemsa banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) which are limited by the resolution of the microscope utilized.This is achieved through the use of competitive fluorescence in situ hybridization. In short, this involves the isolation of DNA from the two sources to be compared, most commonly a test and reference source, independent labelling of each DNA sample with a different fluorophores (fluorescent molecules) of different colours (usually red and green), denaturation of the DNA so that it is single stranded, and the hybridization of the two resultant samples in a 1:1 ratio to a normal metaphase spread of chromosomes, to which the labelled DNA samples will bind at their locus of origin. Using a fluorescence microscope and computer software, the differentially coloured fluorescent signals are then compared along the length of each chromosome for identification of chromosomal differences between the two sources. A higher intensity of the test sample colour in a specific region of a chromosome indicates the gain of material of that region in the corresponding source sample, while a higher intensity of the reference sample colour indicates the loss of material in the test sample in that specific region. A neutral colour (yellow when the fluorophore labels are red and green) indicates no difference between the two samples in that location.CGH is only able to detect unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities. This is because balanced chromosomal abnormalities such as reciprocal translocations, inversions or ring chromosomes do not affect copy number, which is what is detected by CGH technologies. CGH does, however, allow for the exploration of all 46 human chromosomes in single test and the discovery of deletions and duplications, even on the microscopic scale which may lead to the identification of candidate genes to be further explored by other cytological techniques.Through the use of DNA microarrays in conjunction with CGH techniques, the more specific form of array CGH (aCGH) has been developed, allowing for a locus-by-locus measure of CNV with increased resolution as low as 100 kilobases. This improved technique allows for the aetiology of known and unknown conditions to be discovered.
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