![Atrial Autonomic Innervation](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/017564618_1-028ba4a01c6eb907f49824aee34d226b-300x300.png)
Atrial Autonomic Innervation
... Sympathetic activation increases calcium entry and the spontaneous release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum leading to atrial ectopies (trigger loop). Increased vagal activation together with atrial fibrillation (AF)–induced atrial electrical remodeling shortens action potential duration, f ...
... Sympathetic activation increases calcium entry and the spontaneous release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum leading to atrial ectopies (trigger loop). Increased vagal activation together with atrial fibrillation (AF)–induced atrial electrical remodeling shortens action potential duration, f ...
the development of the pulmonary trunk and the pulmonary arteries
... Alvarez et al. [4], who also described a linear growth pattern concerning the pulmonary trunk, pointed to a highly statistically significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.852; p < 0.0001). Hyett et al. [18] in their study concerning 61 fetuses aged between 3 and 5 months, plotted a linear regressi ...
... Alvarez et al. [4], who also described a linear growth pattern concerning the pulmonary trunk, pointed to a highly statistically significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.852; p < 0.0001). Hyett et al. [18] in their study concerning 61 fetuses aged between 3 and 5 months, plotted a linear regressi ...
The extents of mitral leaflet opening and closure are - Heart
... What is the difference between mitral leaflet coaptation and closure in systole? For leaflets to close fully, their rough edges must approximate each other and the sphincteric action of the mitral annulus must seal these edges together, otherwise mitral regurgitation can occur. It has been shown tha ...
... What is the difference between mitral leaflet coaptation and closure in systole? For leaflets to close fully, their rough edges must approximate each other and the sphincteric action of the mitral annulus must seal these edges together, otherwise mitral regurgitation can occur. It has been shown tha ...
Sudeen Cardiac Arrest Monograph
... Cardiac arrest is the abrupt loss of heart function in a person who may or may not have diagnosed heart disease. The time and mode of death are unexpected. It occurs instantly or shortly after symptoms appear. Each year about 295,000 emergency medical services-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests ...
... Cardiac arrest is the abrupt loss of heart function in a person who may or may not have diagnosed heart disease. The time and mode of death are unexpected. It occurs instantly or shortly after symptoms appear. Each year about 295,000 emergency medical services-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests ...
Arrhythmia ToolBox Resources
... following is a basic eight-step method that can be used with any ECG tracing. The key to successfully analyzing ECGs is learning the characteristics or features of each normal and abnormal ECG, and then comparing what one sees on the ECG tracing to those characteristics. Some ECG rhythms may be prof ...
... following is a basic eight-step method that can be used with any ECG tracing. The key to successfully analyzing ECGs is learning the characteristics or features of each normal and abnormal ECG, and then comparing what one sees on the ECG tracing to those characteristics. Some ECG rhythms may be prof ...
CARDIAC MEMORY T WAVE FREQUENCY AS AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC SURROGATE FOR
... Once again, these T wave abnormalities are present during normal conduction and are therefore not secondary. They can occur in the absence of organic heart disease and are thus also not primary. Therefore, the post-tachycardia syndrome, consisting of T wave inversion after an episode (or episodes) o ...
... Once again, these T wave abnormalities are present during normal conduction and are therefore not secondary. They can occur in the absence of organic heart disease and are thus also not primary. Therefore, the post-tachycardia syndrome, consisting of T wave inversion after an episode (or episodes) o ...
DOC
... Do not try to interpret oxygen values yourself, but you may infer, for example, from a decision to administer oxygen. Record YES if the patient has a documented new or increasing oxygen requirement. This may be documented in the nursing or doctor notes that suggest that: the room air (RA) pulse oxim ...
... Do not try to interpret oxygen values yourself, but you may infer, for example, from a decision to administer oxygen. Record YES if the patient has a documented new or increasing oxygen requirement. This may be documented in the nursing or doctor notes that suggest that: the room air (RA) pulse oxim ...
Materials and Methods - AJP
... 40ms via conduction through the Purkinje network, and contraction occurs with similar synchrony. In hearts with an intraventricular conduction delay of a left bundle branch (LBB) pattern the electrical activation sequence is significantly altered, creating regions of early and late contraction separ ...
... 40ms via conduction through the Purkinje network, and contraction occurs with similar synchrony. In hearts with an intraventricular conduction delay of a left bundle branch (LBB) pattern the electrical activation sequence is significantly altered, creating regions of early and late contraction separ ...
Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography in the Neonatal Intensive
... almost immediately with cessation of umbilical venous flow. Similarly, the flap of the foramen ovale quickly covers the fossa ovalis in the setting of higher left atrial pressures produced by increased pulmonary venous return and increased left ventricular (LV) after-load.22 The ductus arteriosus cl ...
... almost immediately with cessation of umbilical venous flow. Similarly, the flap of the foramen ovale quickly covers the fossa ovalis in the setting of higher left atrial pressures produced by increased pulmonary venous return and increased left ventricular (LV) after-load.22 The ductus arteriosus cl ...
The Cardioprotective Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide in Heart
... glibenclamide, indicating the cardioprotective effect of H2S against arrhythmias during reperfusion at least partially depend on the opening of KATP channel. Bian et al. [43] also found that blockade of endogenous H2S synthesis increased both the duration of I/R-induced arrhythmias and the severity ...
... glibenclamide, indicating the cardioprotective effect of H2S against arrhythmias during reperfusion at least partially depend on the opening of KATP channel. Bian et al. [43] also found that blockade of endogenous H2S synthesis increased both the duration of I/R-induced arrhythmias and the severity ...
ECG - A Pictorial Primer
... Review the patient’s medical history, physical and laboratory findings, diagnosis, and indication of the ECG examination. These pieces of information help to focus your attention when reviewing the tracing. However, to focus attention does not mean developing tunnel vision. You still should review a ...
... Review the patient’s medical history, physical and laboratory findings, diagnosis, and indication of the ECG examination. These pieces of information help to focus your attention when reviewing the tracing. However, to focus attention does not mean developing tunnel vision. You still should review a ...
Cardiac sympathetic afferent stimulation impairs - AJP
... was opened through the left second intercostal space. The left ventral ansa, which contains cardiac sympathetic afferent nerves, was identified, tied, and ligated. A pair of stainless steel stimulation electrodes was placed on the central end of this nerve. The stimulus (7 V, 1 ms, 20 Hz) was delive ...
... was opened through the left second intercostal space. The left ventral ansa, which contains cardiac sympathetic afferent nerves, was identified, tied, and ligated. A pair of stainless steel stimulation electrodes was placed on the central end of this nerve. The stimulus (7 V, 1 ms, 20 Hz) was delive ...
Heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity in subjects without
... Heart rate is controlled most importantly by the autonomic nervous system to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. A healthy cardiovascular control system is able to adapt to physiologic perturbations and changing conditions. During the past three decades, impairment of autonomic cardiovascular regul ...
... Heart rate is controlled most importantly by the autonomic nervous system to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. A healthy cardiovascular control system is able to adapt to physiologic perturbations and changing conditions. During the past three decades, impairment of autonomic cardiovascular regul ...
Structural study of pulmonary circulation and of heart in total
... arteries within a unit area of lung section were grouped by size and structural type, and the proportion of each structural type within a size group determined-described as a 'population count'. Where a small artery accompanies a small airway it was also characterised by reference to the type of air ...
... arteries within a unit area of lung section were grouped by size and structural type, and the proportion of each structural type within a size group determined-described as a 'population count'. Where a small artery accompanies a small airway it was also characterised by reference to the type of air ...
PDF Full-text
... activated prior to the atria [65], similar to the situation in ectotherms, but it is not known whether the sinus venosus becomes synchronized with the atria around or after hatching. Figure 2. The sinus venosus-derived myocardium is electrically synchronized with the atria in mammals. (a) In dog, th ...
... activated prior to the atria [65], similar to the situation in ectotherms, but it is not known whether the sinus venosus becomes synchronized with the atria around or after hatching. Figure 2. The sinus venosus-derived myocardium is electrically synchronized with the atria in mammals. (a) In dog, th ...
are there deleterious cardiac effects of acute and chronic endurance
... relative workrates produce greater cardiac stress because they require a higher percentage of the individual’s maximal heart rate and generate more catecholamine spill over into the circulation. Increased catecholamine concentrations are arrhythmogenic. It is assumed that most exercise-related SCDs ...
... relative workrates produce greater cardiac stress because they require a higher percentage of the individual’s maximal heart rate and generate more catecholamine spill over into the circulation. Increased catecholamine concentrations are arrhythmogenic. It is assumed that most exercise-related SCDs ...
Full Text - Journal of Preventive Cardiology
... are also predictors of CAD-related death and all-cause mortality.65 The various risk factors common to both CAD and SCD are older age, male sex, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and family history of CAD.10,67,68–70 These risk factors are powerful pr ...
... are also predictors of CAD-related death and all-cause mortality.65 The various risk factors common to both CAD and SCD are older age, male sex, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and family history of CAD.10,67,68–70 These risk factors are powerful pr ...
Single-Beat Estimation of the Slope of the End
... years (range, 33-71 years). Eleven of the 25 patients with coronary artery disease and prior myocardial infarction had regional wall motion abnormalities on the biplane left ventriculogram under control conditions. We excluded patients with unstable angina, left main trunk or three-vessel disease, c ...
... years (range, 33-71 years). Eleven of the 25 patients with coronary artery disease and prior myocardial infarction had regional wall motion abnormalities on the biplane left ventriculogram under control conditions. We excluded patients with unstable angina, left main trunk or three-vessel disease, c ...
Arrhythmia Risk and Arterial Stiffness
... induced release of metalloproteinase-12 in atrial tissues [31,36]. An elevated aortic stiffness is able to increase the diameter of the left atrium and increase the risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke, suggesting that atrial fibrillation is the pathophysiological link between arterial stiffness a ...
... induced release of metalloproteinase-12 in atrial tissues [31,36]. An elevated aortic stiffness is able to increase the diameter of the left atrium and increase the risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke, suggesting that atrial fibrillation is the pathophysiological link between arterial stiffness a ...
National Medical Policy
... cardiac structure and function. One of the significant advances in this field has been the development and refinement of three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Real-time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography allows for rapid acquisition of images and datasets during a single breath-hold without the need ...
... cardiac structure and function. One of the significant advances in this field has been the development and refinement of three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Real-time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography allows for rapid acquisition of images and datasets during a single breath-hold without the need ...
are there deleterious cardiac effects of acute and chronic endurance
... relative workrates produce greater cardiac stress because they require a higher percentage of the individual’s maximal heart rate and generate more catecholamine spill over into the circulation. Increased catecholamine concentrations are arrhythmogenic. It is assumed that most exercise-related SCDs ...
... relative workrates produce greater cardiac stress because they require a higher percentage of the individual’s maximal heart rate and generate more catecholamine spill over into the circulation. Increased catecholamine concentrations are arrhythmogenic. It is assumed that most exercise-related SCDs ...
The Influence of Cardiac Trabeculae on Ventricular
... fundamental contractile unit in the cardiomyocytes is the sarcomere, which is about 2 μm long. The myocytes are composed by a series of 40-50 sarcomeres, and are connected one to each other by junctions optimized for the electrical stimuli conduction (intercalated disks). The cardiomyocytes are embe ...
... fundamental contractile unit in the cardiomyocytes is the sarcomere, which is about 2 μm long. The myocytes are composed by a series of 40-50 sarcomeres, and are connected one to each other by junctions optimized for the electrical stimuli conduction (intercalated disks). The cardiomyocytes are embe ...
Acute myocardial infarction: pre-hospital and in
... recordings should be obtained. Rapid enzyme analysis, echocardiography and, occasionally, coronary angiography may be helpful. A realistic aim is to initiate thrombolysis within 90 min of the patient calling for medical treatment (‘call to needle’ time). In patients with slowly evolving, or stutteri ...
... recordings should be obtained. Rapid enzyme analysis, echocardiography and, occasionally, coronary angiography may be helpful. A realistic aim is to initiate thrombolysis within 90 min of the patient calling for medical treatment (‘call to needle’ time). In patients with slowly evolving, or stutteri ...
Retrieval of a transcatheter pacemaker in sheep after a mid
... (TPS). The void in the middle of the white tissue (arrow) is where the TPS was implanted, with the thicker encapsulation tissue surrounding the distal end of the TPS. ...
... (TPS). The void in the middle of the white tissue (arrow) is where the TPS was implanted, with the thicker encapsulation tissue surrounding the distal end of the TPS. ...
Dissecting the Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Heart Disease
... to our understanding of the basis of mammalian disorders. 2. ECM Regulation and Cardiac Dysfunction The ECM is a dynamic three-dimensional network of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and fibrous proteins linking and protecting the intercellular regions within organs and tissues, including the heart (re ...
... to our understanding of the basis of mammalian disorders. 2. ECM Regulation and Cardiac Dysfunction The ECM is a dynamic three-dimensional network of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and fibrous proteins linking and protecting the intercellular regions within organs and tissues, including the heart (re ...
Heart failure
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Heartfailure.jpg?width=300)
Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. The terms chronic heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) are often used interchangeably with congestive heart failure. Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night. A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature.Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart. There are two main types of heart failure: heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on if the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax. The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise. Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction (in which part of the heart muscle dies) or cardiac arrest (in which blood flow stops altogether). Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity, kidney failure, liver problems, anemia and thyroid disease.The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography. Blood tests, electrocardiography, and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In people with chronic stable mild heart failure, treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking, physical exercise, and dietary changes, as well as medications. In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended. For those with severe disease, aldosterone antagonists, or hydralazine plus a nitrate may be used. Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention. Sometimes, depending on the cause, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended. In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit. A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures.Heart failure is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition. In developed countries, around 2% of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65, this increases to 6–10%. In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35% after which it decreases to below 10% each year. This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer. In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE.