Right Side Crust
... Q21. Is crust being created or destroyed at this plate boundary (and other spreading ridges)? Q22. Is this plate boundary divergent, convergent, or transform? ________________ Q23. Focus on the northern Atlantic Ocean, near the east coast of the US and the northwest coast of Africa. How long ago did ...
... Q21. Is crust being created or destroyed at this plate boundary (and other spreading ridges)? Q22. Is this plate boundary divergent, convergent, or transform? ________________ Q23. Focus on the northern Atlantic Ocean, near the east coast of the US and the northwest coast of Africa. How long ago did ...
The Najd Fault System of Saudi Arabia
... The Najd Fault System of the Arabian-Nubian Shield is considered to be the largest Proterozoic Shear zone system on Earth. The shear zone was active during the late stages of the Pan African evolution and is known to be responsible for the exhumation of fragments of juvenile Proterozoic continental ...
... The Najd Fault System of the Arabian-Nubian Shield is considered to be the largest Proterozoic Shear zone system on Earth. The shear zone was active during the late stages of the Pan African evolution and is known to be responsible for the exhumation of fragments of juvenile Proterozoic continental ...
Plate Tectonics Earth Layers
... First, what causes changes in the ability of rocks to flow? A. As you descend into the earth, the temperature and pressure increase. -Pressure increases due to increasing weight of rocks over your head. You can imagine the difference between being buried under 1' of sand at the beach and 6' of dirt. ...
... First, what causes changes in the ability of rocks to flow? A. As you descend into the earth, the temperature and pressure increase. -Pressure increases due to increasing weight of rocks over your head. You can imagine the difference between being buried under 1' of sand at the beach and 6' of dirt. ...
Presentation #16 - the Middle East Seismological Forum
... displacing the column of water directly above it. This type of displacement commonly occurs in large subduction zones Most Subduction occurs along most of the island arcs and coastal areas of the Pacific and Makran Region. ...
... displacing the column of water directly above it. This type of displacement commonly occurs in large subduction zones Most Subduction occurs along most of the island arcs and coastal areas of the Pacific and Makran Region. ...
Inner Core - Net Start Class
... rock why is the core made of metal? Recall that in Earth’s early history, the planet was much hotter than it is now. Earth materials flowed, like they do in the asthenosphere today. Scientists do not know how much of Earth melted, but they do know that it was soft enough for gravity to pull the dens ...
... rock why is the core made of metal? Recall that in Earth’s early history, the planet was much hotter than it is now. Earth materials flowed, like they do in the asthenosphere today. Scientists do not know how much of Earth melted, but they do know that it was soft enough for gravity to pull the dens ...
Continental strike-slip faults - occur in every setting, on every scale
... As strike slip faults are ideally vertical, their surface trace usually makes a straight line across topography. Fault core itself may be excavated (damaged/weathered rock) so might see valleys. Alpine fault is straight trace ~850 km. Lateral =displacement means that surface deposits may be offset a ...
... As strike slip faults are ideally vertical, their surface trace usually makes a straight line across topography. Fault core itself may be excavated (damaged/weathered rock) so might see valleys. Alpine fault is straight trace ~850 km. Lateral =displacement means that surface deposits may be offset a ...
Physical Oceanographic Science Priorities for POLAR POD Sarah
... would perhaps require significant support from research funding agencies, which might not be possible until the POLAR POD had established a proven track record as a research platform. (4) Because the POLAR POD is to be occupied all of the time and because it is intended to be stable, it would be an ...
... would perhaps require significant support from research funding agencies, which might not be possible until the POLAR POD had established a proven track record as a research platform. (4) Because the POLAR POD is to be occupied all of the time and because it is intended to be stable, it would be an ...
Seamount Research
... knowledge of the generation of near-ridge seamounts and will allow us to decipher the complex magmatic processes that are often obscured by shallow-level processes below ridge crests. It has the potential to have fundamental and transformative implications for how mantle magmas are produced and thus ...
... knowledge of the generation of near-ridge seamounts and will allow us to decipher the complex magmatic processes that are often obscured by shallow-level processes below ridge crests. It has the potential to have fundamental and transformative implications for how mantle magmas are produced and thus ...
CH02_Outline
... Mid-ocean ridge site of new ocean crust Oceanic trench site of crust destruction (subduction) ...
... Mid-ocean ridge site of new ocean crust Oceanic trench site of crust destruction (subduction) ...
Hot, buoyant fluids laden with dissolved minerals billow out of... vents. The minerals precipitate when they hit cold seawater, creating
... potential source of minerals?” With no plumes of hot fluids emanating from them, inactive sites are the most difficult to find and the least studied. “How do we find the inactive ones? That’s the big question,” said Maurice Tivey. He and other scientists are investigating ways to use magnetometers o ...
... potential source of minerals?” With no plumes of hot fluids emanating from them, inactive sites are the most difficult to find and the least studied. “How do we find the inactive ones? That’s the big question,” said Maurice Tivey. He and other scientists are investigating ways to use magnetometers o ...
EGU2012-6051
... Continents slowly drift at the top of the mantle, undergoing episodic events like collision, aggregation or splitting. Continental drift and oceanic plate tectonics are surface expressions of mantle convection and closely linked to the thermal state of the mantle. In the present study we will presen ...
... Continents slowly drift at the top of the mantle, undergoing episodic events like collision, aggregation or splitting. Continental drift and oceanic plate tectonics are surface expressions of mantle convection and closely linked to the thermal state of the mantle. In the present study we will presen ...
Inside Earth – Chapter 1
... powerful paddles as it chased and captured its food. Like all other reptiles, Mesosaurus breathed air, so it had to return to the surface after hunting underwater. Freshwater ponds and lakes were its habitat. ...
... powerful paddles as it chased and captured its food. Like all other reptiles, Mesosaurus breathed air, so it had to return to the surface after hunting underwater. Freshwater ponds and lakes were its habitat. ...
Deep-sea genetic resources - Archimer
... have been organized on impact of scientific research on fragile ecosystems and ended in recommendations ("codes of conduct") to minimize the disturbance on marine organisms and habitats during scientific cruises. Threats to these biodiversity hotspots will probably increase in the upcoming decades c ...
... have been organized on impact of scientific research on fragile ecosystems and ended in recommendations ("codes of conduct") to minimize the disturbance on marine organisms and habitats during scientific cruises. Threats to these biodiversity hotspots will probably increase in the upcoming decades c ...
Metamorphism and tectonics
... tectonically unstable. This in turn leads to the development of normal faults along which the high P/T rocks can make their way back to the surface fairly rapidly without being significantly overprinted. This model is shown in Fig. 6. Note that a similar model can be tailored to type A subduction zo ...
... tectonically unstable. This in turn leads to the development of normal faults along which the high P/T rocks can make their way back to the surface fairly rapidly without being significantly overprinted. This model is shown in Fig. 6. Note that a similar model can be tailored to type A subduction zo ...
Plates on the Move
... • Everyone agreed that Wegener’s evidence was compelling. But wouldn’t we feel the movement? • Also, wouldn’t there be evidence to show that the continents were still moving today? • Wegener was a meteorologist and his theory was not well accepted. (He died on an expedition in Greenland collecting i ...
... • Everyone agreed that Wegener’s evidence was compelling. But wouldn’t we feel the movement? • Also, wouldn’t there be evidence to show that the continents were still moving today? • Wegener was a meteorologist and his theory was not well accepted. (He died on an expedition in Greenland collecting i ...
Teacher Resources - Fish Eye Project
... Ø Can you list the main challenges of living at vents? Answer: High pressure, less oxygen, lack of day light, water acidity, water temperature Ø Can you find a few strategies that organisms have to ...
... Ø Can you list the main challenges of living at vents? Answer: High pressure, less oxygen, lack of day light, water acidity, water temperature Ø Can you find a few strategies that organisms have to ...
GEOL107 – GENERAL GEOLOGY – LABORATORY OUTLINE
... oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary - convergent boundary where oceanic lithospheric is moving towards continental lithosphere oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary - convergent boundary where oceanic lithosphere is moving towards oceanic lithosphere continental-continental convergent ...
... oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary - convergent boundary where oceanic lithospheric is moving towards continental lithosphere oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary - convergent boundary where oceanic lithosphere is moving towards oceanic lithosphere continental-continental convergent ...
PLATE TECTONICS
... 4. New oceanic crust is created due to sea floor spreading. Why then don’t the ocean basins on Earth keep getting larger and larger (an expanding Earth, which DOESN’T happen, but why)? ...
... 4. New oceanic crust is created due to sea floor spreading. Why then don’t the ocean basins on Earth keep getting larger and larger (an expanding Earth, which DOESN’T happen, but why)? ...
Temporal variation of oceanic spreading and crustal production
... been roughly constant at 25.9F3.3 mm year1 for at least the last 150 Ma. We propose that the global seafloor surface generation rate is roughly constant as well, with a mean half-value of 1.298F0.284 km2 year1 and varying F20% with time. This study corroborates the recent conclusion of Rowley [D.B ...
... been roughly constant at 25.9F3.3 mm year1 for at least the last 150 Ma. We propose that the global seafloor surface generation rate is roughly constant as well, with a mean half-value of 1.298F0.284 km2 year1 and varying F20% with time. This study corroborates the recent conclusion of Rowley [D.B ...
06 Intrusions
... continental crust, it melts and absorbs some crust, becoming more silica-rich. Added fluids produce basalt magma from melting mantle. ...
... continental crust, it melts and absorbs some crust, becoming more silica-rich. Added fluids produce basalt magma from melting mantle. ...
Abstract - gemoc - Macquarie University
... Figure 1 shows a series of tomographic slices through the African continent from 100-175 km, 175-250km, 250-325km and 325 – 400km using a high-resolution global tomography model derived from SH body wave travel times based on the approach of Grand (2002) and fully described by Begg et al. (2009) and ...
... Figure 1 shows a series of tomographic slices through the African continent from 100-175 km, 175-250km, 250-325km and 325 – 400km using a high-resolution global tomography model derived from SH body wave travel times based on the approach of Grand (2002) and fully described by Begg et al. (2009) and ...
Deep Earth Volatiles Cycle: processes, fluxes and deep mantle
... the largest volatiles reservoir – has outer-‐rise due to bending-‐related faulting and subsequent profound implications on the dynamics dehydration at upper mantle depths. From (Faccenda et al. and the evolution of our planet, as 2012 ...
... the largest volatiles reservoir – has outer-‐rise due to bending-‐related faulting and subsequent profound implications on the dynamics dehydration at upper mantle depths. From (Faccenda et al. and the evolution of our planet, as 2012 ...
Ocean Currents
... Coriolis effect influences surface winds. – I can explain the difference between factors affecting surface circulation vs. deep ocean circulation. – I can describe oceanic gyres & their rotations. ...
... Coriolis effect influences surface winds. – I can explain the difference between factors affecting surface circulation vs. deep ocean circulation. – I can describe oceanic gyres & their rotations. ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.