1 One of the most important aspects of understanding ocean life is
... through. At the desired sample depth, a device consisting of a collar-like brass weight--called a messenger--is released and seals the tube [Movie 1]. The ocean water sampling techniques described above have two distinct disadvantages. First, they tend to be expensive. Because of the expenses associ ...
... through. At the desired sample depth, a device consisting of a collar-like brass weight--called a messenger--is released and seals the tube [Movie 1]. The ocean water sampling techniques described above have two distinct disadvantages. First, they tend to be expensive. Because of the expenses associ ...
Postglacial Rebound & Mantle Flow
... • Continental shelves and their adjacent oceanic abyssal plains differ in elevation by ~5-6km (5000m) • Mean density of continental crust is 2800 kg/m3 (2.8Mg/m3) • Pressure at base of continents (compensation depth) is 2800 kg/m3 x 10 m/s2 x 40,000m = 1.1GPa (1.1GN/m2) • Net horizontal force F =1.1 ...
... • Continental shelves and their adjacent oceanic abyssal plains differ in elevation by ~5-6km (5000m) • Mean density of continental crust is 2800 kg/m3 (2.8Mg/m3) • Pressure at base of continents (compensation depth) is 2800 kg/m3 x 10 m/s2 x 40,000m = 1.1GPa (1.1GN/m2) • Net horizontal force F =1.1 ...
doc version - 4.3MB
... On Earth, there are two types of crust: oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is composed of basalt, which is relatively dense (~2.9 g/cm3). Continental crust is composed primarily of granite, which is less dense than basalt (~2.7 g/cm3). Since both are less dense than the asthenosphere (3.1 to 3.3 ...
... On Earth, there are two types of crust: oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is composed of basalt, which is relatively dense (~2.9 g/cm3). Continental crust is composed primarily of granite, which is less dense than basalt (~2.7 g/cm3). Since both are less dense than the asthenosphere (3.1 to 3.3 ...
pdf version - 4 MB
... On Earth, there are two types of crust: oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is composed of basalt, which is relatively dense (~2.9 g/cm3). Continental crust is composed primarily of granite, which is less dense than basalt (~2.7 g/cm3). Since both are less dense than the asthenosphere (3.1 to 3.3 ...
... On Earth, there are two types of crust: oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is composed of basalt, which is relatively dense (~2.9 g/cm3). Continental crust is composed primarily of granite, which is less dense than basalt (~2.7 g/cm3). Since both are less dense than the asthenosphere (3.1 to 3.3 ...
Chapter 31
... the surface wind-mixed layer from the waters below. Inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, central to the cells' biochemistry, are constantly stripped from the surface waters by the growing phytoplankton. Most of the phytoplankton are eaten on the spot and the nutrients comprising thei ...
... the surface wind-mixed layer from the waters below. Inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, central to the cells' biochemistry, are constantly stripped from the surface waters by the growing phytoplankton. Most of the phytoplankton are eaten on the spot and the nutrients comprising thei ...
Tectonic JEOPARDY!
... It provides the final piece of evidence – the mechanism – for Continental Drift. Back to Menu ...
... It provides the final piece of evidence – the mechanism – for Continental Drift. Back to Menu ...
Mantle Plumes and Intraplate Volcanism Volcanism on the Earth
... evolved through just a few pathways. What are these? No one is certain. Some ideas: – 1. Mixing between primitive and depleted mantle – 2. Recycling of oceanic crust and sediment – 3. “Delamination” of the mantle lithosphere beneath the continents, which could be enriched in incompatible elements by ...
... evolved through just a few pathways. What are these? No one is certain. Some ideas: – 1. Mixing between primitive and depleted mantle – 2. Recycling of oceanic crust and sediment – 3. “Delamination” of the mantle lithosphere beneath the continents, which could be enriched in incompatible elements by ...
4b Prt BandCplatetectheory-1-6
... continental crust “ride” on some of these plates •convection cells (currents) under the crust (asthenosphere) cause the plates to move. •three basic plates movements: divergent, convergent, transform •Different physical features (mountains, ridges, trenches,valleys) are created at different boundari ...
... continental crust “ride” on some of these plates •convection cells (currents) under the crust (asthenosphere) cause the plates to move. •three basic plates movements: divergent, convergent, transform •Different physical features (mountains, ridges, trenches,valleys) are created at different boundari ...
Classification of magmatic rocks
... B. Upper crustal plutons 1. Dyke-fed plutons and ballooning Upper crustal plutons appear to be flat-floored, sometimes with a feeder zone. This reflect the strain field during their emplacement. They were probably fed from below by dykes, tapping the magma into the pluton. These dykes are not always ...
... B. Upper crustal plutons 1. Dyke-fed plutons and ballooning Upper crustal plutons appear to be flat-floored, sometimes with a feeder zone. This reflect the strain field during their emplacement. They were probably fed from below by dykes, tapping the magma into the pluton. These dykes are not always ...
Practice Final Exam – Oceanography – Spring 2011 Part A – The
... B) benthic environment. C) mesopelagic environment. D) oceanic environment. E) pelagic environment. 61) Neritic marine environments would be found: A) associated with continental shelves. B) at mid-ocean ridges. C) deep in the ocean basin. D) in subduction zones. E) within a deep-sea trench. 62) Whi ...
... B) benthic environment. C) mesopelagic environment. D) oceanic environment. E) pelagic environment. 61) Neritic marine environments would be found: A) associated with continental shelves. B) at mid-ocean ridges. C) deep in the ocean basin. D) in subduction zones. E) within a deep-sea trench. 62) Whi ...
continental drift - East Hanover Schools
... and his theory was not well accepted. (He died on an expedition in Greenland collecting ice samples) ...
... and his theory was not well accepted. (He died on an expedition in Greenland collecting ice samples) ...
MORPHOLOGY OF EARTH
... From surface, density, temperature & pressure goes on increasing towards centre of Earth Below solid asthenosphere between 400-670 km depth lies the Mantle transition zone ...
... From surface, density, temperature & pressure goes on increasing towards centre of Earth Below solid asthenosphere between 400-670 km depth lies the Mantle transition zone ...
Chapter 3: Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
... Earth is composed of concentric spherical layers, with the least dense layer on the outside and the most dense as the core. The lithosphere, the outermost solid shell that includes the crust, floats on the hot, deformable asthenosphere. The mantle is the largest of the layers. Large regions of Earth ...
... Earth is composed of concentric spherical layers, with the least dense layer on the outside and the most dense as the core. The lithosphere, the outermost solid shell that includes the crust, floats on the hot, deformable asthenosphere. The mantle is the largest of the layers. Large regions of Earth ...
Subduction Zones
... • Suggests that the gravity anomalies are caused by the dynamic equilibrium imposed by the system by compression. • Compressional forces cause the trench to be deeper and the arc to have less of a root than they would be if only isostatic forces were at work. ...
... • Suggests that the gravity anomalies are caused by the dynamic equilibrium imposed by the system by compression. • Compressional forces cause the trench to be deeper and the arc to have less of a root than they would be if only isostatic forces were at work. ...
appendix 1
... Converging continental plate: In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary, also known as a destructive plate boundary, is an actively deforming region where two (or more) plates or fragments of lithosphere move toward one another and collide. As a result of pressure, friction, and plate material melti ...
... Converging continental plate: In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary, also known as a destructive plate boundary, is an actively deforming region where two (or more) plates or fragments of lithosphere move toward one another and collide. As a result of pressure, friction, and plate material melti ...
Plate Tectonics of the Pacific Northwest
... Explore Spreading Ocean Ridges and Transform Plate Boundaries ...
... Explore Spreading Ocean Ridges and Transform Plate Boundaries ...
Temperature Models for Mexican Subduction Zone
... the lower crust. This reduction has a negligible effect on the thermal structure of the subduction interface. The upper and lower boundaries of the model are maintained at constant temperatures of 0 ºC and 1450 ºC (asthenosphere), correspondingly. The right (landward) vertical boundary condition is ...
... the lower crust. This reduction has a negligible effect on the thermal structure of the subduction interface. The upper and lower boundaries of the model are maintained at constant temperatures of 0 ºC and 1450 ºC (asthenosphere), correspondingly. The right (landward) vertical boundary condition is ...
1 plate tectonics - IES Gabriela Mistral
... Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. As the time passes, the ocean floor spreads and extends. WHILE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE IS CONSTANTLY BEING FORMED AT THE RIDGES, IT I ...
... Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. As the time passes, the ocean floor spreads and extends. WHILE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE IS CONSTANTLY BEING FORMED AT THE RIDGES, IT I ...
Plate Tectonic is a theory in science!
... Tectonics? The theory is that the lithosphere acts as a rigid layer sitting on a weaker asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is divided into plates which continually change size and shape. 7 major plates ...
... Tectonics? The theory is that the lithosphere acts as a rigid layer sitting on a weaker asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is divided into plates which continually change size and shape. 7 major plates ...
LT3ActivityPacket
... The theory of plate tectonics states that the crust of the Earth is composed of 7 major plates and numerous smaller plates. These plates move on the top of the hot plastic upper mantle known as the asthenosphere. This theory also says that most of these plates are in motion, creating a variety of ...
... The theory of plate tectonics states that the crust of the Earth is composed of 7 major plates and numerous smaller plates. These plates move on the top of the hot plastic upper mantle known as the asthenosphere. This theory also says that most of these plates are in motion, creating a variety of ...
Magma Supply Vs Magma Plumbing
... rock • A phase is defined as a chemically and physically homogeneous part of a system. Each mineral in a rock is a phase as is a melt. • Components are the minimum number of chemical constituents necessary to describe the system ...
... rock • A phase is defined as a chemically and physically homogeneous part of a system. Each mineral in a rock is a phase as is a melt. • Components are the minimum number of chemical constituents necessary to describe the system ...
Plate Tectonics
... The first type occurs at mid-ocean ridges. Because the plates move apart, the ridges are called divergent. These boundaries are also called constructive boundaries. The average rate of seafloor spreading is 5 cm/yr. ...
... The first type occurs at mid-ocean ridges. Because the plates move apart, the ridges are called divergent. These boundaries are also called constructive boundaries. The average rate of seafloor spreading is 5 cm/yr. ...
Notes for the Test Word Definition Pangaea Pangaea is the name
... RIFTING causes SEAFLOOR SPREADING/ CREATING ...
... RIFTING causes SEAFLOOR SPREADING/ CREATING ...
Chapter 10 Whole Notes
... The drag of tectonic plates refers to the resistance or dragging force associated with the interface between the upper mantle and the lithosphere. (2) Ridge Push New parts of a plate rise because they are warm and the plate is thin. As hot magma rises to the surface at spreading ridges and forms new ...
... The drag of tectonic plates refers to the resistance or dragging force associated with the interface between the upper mantle and the lithosphere. (2) Ridge Push New parts of a plate rise because they are warm and the plate is thin. As hot magma rises to the surface at spreading ridges and forms new ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.