Mining seafloor massive sulphides and
... hydrothermal vents host ecosystems based on microbial chemoautotrophic primary production, with endemic invertebrate species adapted in special ways to the vent environment. Although there has been considerable effort to study the biology and ecology of vent systems in the decades since these system ...
... hydrothermal vents host ecosystems based on microbial chemoautotrophic primary production, with endemic invertebrate species adapted in special ways to the vent environment. Although there has been considerable effort to study the biology and ecology of vent systems in the decades since these system ...
1 - Tahoma
... The basis of the theory of plate tectonics1 is that the crust is less dense than the mantle, and it “floats” on the more dense but plastic mantle, somewhat like marshmallows on top of hot chocolate. The crust itself consists of two parts of different densities, the oceanic and the continental crust. ...
... The basis of the theory of plate tectonics1 is that the crust is less dense than the mantle, and it “floats” on the more dense but plastic mantle, somewhat like marshmallows on top of hot chocolate. The crust itself consists of two parts of different densities, the oceanic and the continental crust. ...
Earth`s Oceans
... The salinity is lower in areas where freshwater rivers run into the ocean. Salinity levels are also affected by animals such as clams and oysters that use calcium salts to build their shells. They remove salt from the water. In warm ocean areas where there is little rainfall and much evaporation, th ...
... The salinity is lower in areas where freshwater rivers run into the ocean. Salinity levels are also affected by animals such as clams and oysters that use calcium salts to build their shells. They remove salt from the water. In warm ocean areas where there is little rainfall and much evaporation, th ...
Plates - Hendoscience
... Normal Faults are formed when forces stretch the Earth’s crust Causes blocks of crust to break and tilt or slide down the broken surfaces of crust ...
... Normal Faults are formed when forces stretch the Earth’s crust Causes blocks of crust to break and tilt or slide down the broken surfaces of crust ...
Tectonic Plates - cloudfront.net
... Tip of the Iceberg If you could look at a tectonic plate from the side, you would see that mountain ranges are like the tips of icebergs—there is much more material below the surface than above. Mountain ranges that occur in continental crust have very deep roots relative to their height. For exampl ...
... Tip of the Iceberg If you could look at a tectonic plate from the side, you would see that mountain ranges are like the tips of icebergs—there is much more material below the surface than above. Mountain ranges that occur in continental crust have very deep roots relative to their height. For exampl ...
Ocean Bottom Relief
... slower average speed than the wind; flow rates average only 1.5 to 3.0 kilometres per hour (1 to 2 mph) and do not exceed 9 kilometres per hour (5.5 mph). Two factors other than the wind also play important roles in determining the overall pattern of ocean current flow. One is the Coriolis Effect pr ...
... slower average speed than the wind; flow rates average only 1.5 to 3.0 kilometres per hour (1 to 2 mph) and do not exceed 9 kilometres per hour (5.5 mph). Two factors other than the wind also play important roles in determining the overall pattern of ocean current flow. One is the Coriolis Effect pr ...
Sample Syllabus - Houston Community College
... biogenous sediments on the ocean floor. 2. Explain how marine sediments reach the ocean floor. 3. Visualize changes in sediment thickness and composition from the mid-ocean ridges to continental margins. Level 2: Comprehension 1. Describe the four major components of the Earth system. 2. Explain the ...
... biogenous sediments on the ocean floor. 2. Explain how marine sediments reach the ocean floor. 3. Visualize changes in sediment thickness and composition from the mid-ocean ridges to continental margins. Level 2: Comprehension 1. Describe the four major components of the Earth system. 2. Explain the ...
Environmental aspects of manganese nodule mining
... Bottom currents in this region distant from continental margins are generally the result of the slow northward movement of dense, cold water that originally formed at the surface in the Antarctic. Indirect and direct evidence shows that bottom currents in parts of the world’s oceans flow at much hig ...
... Bottom currents in this region distant from continental margins are generally the result of the slow northward movement of dense, cold water that originally formed at the surface in the Antarctic. Indirect and direct evidence shows that bottom currents in parts of the world’s oceans flow at much hig ...
Rocky Shore Community Dynamics
... the condition of, and have a good understanding of the processes that affect its health and functioning. To collect this information, they established a long term monitoring programme to observe changes in order to understand natural or artificially-induced processes that may cause a shift in commun ...
... the condition of, and have a good understanding of the processes that affect its health and functioning. To collect this information, they established a long term monitoring programme to observe changes in order to understand natural or artificially-induced processes that may cause a shift in commun ...
Layers PangaeaCont drift Convection
... • This is where HOT Magma(Hot material) from deep within the Earth rises while cooler magma near the surface sinks. ...
... • This is where HOT Magma(Hot material) from deep within the Earth rises while cooler magma near the surface sinks. ...
1.- Título 2.- Theoretical cross section of the oceans Oceans
... Fishing fleets have shifted to fishing further offshore and in deeper waters to meet global demand since the 1960s (Morato et al. 2006, Cochonat et al. 2007) (see Figure 4). Pelagic fisheries include a huge variety of fish species (tunna), squids and even sharks. In addition the deep sea, despite it ...
... Fishing fleets have shifted to fishing further offshore and in deeper waters to meet global demand since the 1960s (Morato et al. 2006, Cochonat et al. 2007) (see Figure 4). Pelagic fisheries include a huge variety of fish species (tunna), squids and even sharks. In addition the deep sea, despite it ...
ES Chapter 17
... – The magnetic data collected from the ocean floor matched the pattern of magnetic reversals that had been found in basalt flows on land. – From this match, scientists were able to determine the age of the ocean floor from a magnetic recording and quickly create isochron maps of the ocean floor. – A ...
... – The magnetic data collected from the ocean floor matched the pattern of magnetic reversals that had been found in basalt flows on land. – From this match, scientists were able to determine the age of the ocean floor from a magnetic recording and quickly create isochron maps of the ocean floor. – A ...
The Rock Cycle
... Convection involves the movement of currents (usually circular) within fluids (liquids and gasses) as a result of density and/or temperature gradients within the fluid. The effects of convection are clearly seen in soup when material bubbles to to surface in certain areas and is seen to be carried d ...
... Convection involves the movement of currents (usually circular) within fluids (liquids and gasses) as a result of density and/or temperature gradients within the fluid. The effects of convection are clearly seen in soup when material bubbles to to surface in certain areas and is seen to be carried d ...
Seafloor Spreading
... – The magnetic data collected from the ocean floor matched the pattern of magnetic reversals that had been found in basalt flows on land. – From this match, scientists were able to determine the age of the ocean floor from a magnetic recording and quickly create isochron maps of the ocean floor. – A ...
... – The magnetic data collected from the ocean floor matched the pattern of magnetic reversals that had been found in basalt flows on land. – From this match, scientists were able to determine the age of the ocean floor from a magnetic recording and quickly create isochron maps of the ocean floor. – A ...
Why do Migrating TJs Suddenly Start Erupting
... 200 Myr of oceanic crust accumulation (* actually due to Birch, Tatsumoto, J. Tuzo Wilson) ...
... 200 Myr of oceanic crust accumulation (* actually due to Birch, Tatsumoto, J. Tuzo Wilson) ...
Fig. 15-26, p.370
... be separated by steep cliffs 3 km high. Note the flat abyssal plain far from the ridge. Fig. 15-10, p.361 ...
... be separated by steep cliffs 3 km high. Note the flat abyssal plain far from the ridge. Fig. 15-10, p.361 ...
Chapter 32: Plate Tectonics: A Working Model for the Earth
... southeast end of the chain. As one proceeds up the chain to the northwest, successive islands are progressively older, a fact inferred by geologists years ago from the states of erosion of the various islands and confirmed now by radiometric dating of the basalts. It appears that the same heat sourc ...
... southeast end of the chain. As one proceeds up the chain to the northwest, successive islands are progressively older, a fact inferred by geologists years ago from the states of erosion of the various islands and confirmed now by radiometric dating of the basalts. It appears that the same heat sourc ...
Summary of Earth Structure/Geodynamics
... What is the space-time geography of energy input and dissipation in the ocean ? ...
... What is the space-time geography of energy input and dissipation in the ocean ? ...
Plate Tectonics Study Guide 1. What are the longest mountain
... 1. What are the longest mountain ranges on Earth? 2. Along the ocean floor, where do you find the oldest crust? The youngest? 3. What was Alfred Wegener’s theory, and what evidence did he have that it was correct? 4. Describe the direction of movement of the plates at each boundary type. 5. What pro ...
... 1. What are the longest mountain ranges on Earth? 2. Along the ocean floor, where do you find the oldest crust? The youngest? 3. What was Alfred Wegener’s theory, and what evidence did he have that it was correct? 4. Describe the direction of movement of the plates at each boundary type. 5. What pro ...
Sea-Floor Spreading
... New ocean floor forms along cracks in the ocean crust as molten material erupts from the mantle spreading out and pushing older rocks to the sides of the ...
... New ocean floor forms along cracks in the ocean crust as molten material erupts from the mantle spreading out and pushing older rocks to the sides of the ...
Without hot rock, much of North America would be underwater
... thickness and composition of its rock, and how much is due to heating and expansion of the rock. New ocean floor crust is produced by volcanic eruptions at undersea mountain ranges known as Seafloor crust has the same composition and mid-ocean ridges. Molten and hot rock emerges to thickness most pl ...
... thickness and composition of its rock, and how much is due to heating and expansion of the rock. New ocean floor crust is produced by volcanic eruptions at undersea mountain ranges known as Seafloor crust has the same composition and mid-ocean ridges. Molten and hot rock emerges to thickness most pl ...
The north Pyrenean Front and related foreland basin along the Bay
... The Pyrenees form a doubly vergent mountain belt which resulted from Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic interaction between Iberian and Eurasian plates. They extend from the eastern Alps to the Atlantic Ocean NW of the Iberian peninsula displaying different characteristics along strike. Between France and Spa ...
... The Pyrenees form a doubly vergent mountain belt which resulted from Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic interaction between Iberian and Eurasian plates. They extend from the eastern Alps to the Atlantic Ocean NW of the Iberian peninsula displaying different characteristics along strike. Between France and Spa ...
Arc Magmatism Island Arc Magmatism Subduction Products
... • Igneous activity is related to convergent plate situations that result in the subduction of one plate beneath another ...
... • Igneous activity is related to convergent plate situations that result in the subduction of one plate beneath another ...
RADIOCARBON IN PARTICULATE MATTER FROM THE Woods
... water movement with respect to the dump sites, we are reasonably certain that the trap was free of contaminated particulate carbon that had been fixed at the surface near the dump sites. Besides, if the trap material were contaminated, we would expect both PIG and PUG to contain similar 14C levels, ...
... water movement with respect to the dump sites, we are reasonably certain that the trap was free of contaminated particulate carbon that had been fixed at the surface near the dump sites. Besides, if the trap material were contaminated, we would expect both PIG and PUG to contain similar 14C levels, ...
Hot mantle drives elevation, volcanism along mid-ocean
... underneath about 61,000 kilometers of ridge secondary factor. What is surprising is that the data terrain. "It turned out," said Dalton, "that seismic require the temperature variations to exist not only tomography was the smoking gun. The only near the surface but also many hundreds of plausible ex ...
... underneath about 61,000 kilometers of ridge secondary factor. What is surprising is that the data terrain. "It turned out," said Dalton, "that seismic require the temperature variations to exist not only tomography was the smoking gun. The only near the surface but also many hundreds of plausible ex ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.