Xenopus laevis Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1
... critical role in the regulation of trafficking and transendothelial migration of leukocytes and in the control of proliferation and differentiation of several cell types, including hematopoietic and neural cells (7, 18). Transmembrane signaling of SDF-1 is mediated by CXCR4 (19, 20), a heterotrimeri ...
... critical role in the regulation of trafficking and transendothelial migration of leukocytes and in the control of proliferation and differentiation of several cell types, including hematopoietic and neural cells (7, 18). Transmembrane signaling of SDF-1 is mediated by CXCR4 (19, 20), a heterotrimeri ...
CHAPTER FOUR Pseudomonas aeruginosa INFLUENCED PLANKTONIC AND BIOFILM POPULATIONS BASED UPON
... sessile multicellular communities known as biofilms (Costerton et al., 1987; 1995). The transition to surface-attached (biofilm) growth is known to result in diverse changes in gene expression, which causes the attaching cells to become phenotypically and metabolically distinct from their planktonic ...
... sessile multicellular communities known as biofilms (Costerton et al., 1987; 1995). The transition to surface-attached (biofilm) growth is known to result in diverse changes in gene expression, which causes the attaching cells to become phenotypically and metabolically distinct from their planktonic ...
Motoneurons Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Develop
... Induced pluripotent cell-derived motoneurons (iPSCMNs) are sought for use in cell replacement therapies and treatment strategies for motoneuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, much remains unknown about the physiological properties of iPSCMNs and how they compare with ...
... Induced pluripotent cell-derived motoneurons (iPSCMNs) are sought for use in cell replacement therapies and treatment strategies for motoneuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, much remains unknown about the physiological properties of iPSCMNs and how they compare with ...
Gel electrophoresis - Caltech Particle Theory
... first want to get them to be linear so that the proteins no longer have any secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure (i.e. we want them to have the same linear shape). Consider two proteins that are each 500 amino acids long but one is shaped like a closed umbrella whle the other one looks like a ...
... first want to get them to be linear so that the proteins no longer have any secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure (i.e. we want them to have the same linear shape). Consider two proteins that are each 500 amino acids long but one is shaped like a closed umbrella whle the other one looks like a ...
Document
... III. Transport to the Lysosomes A. Role of the Lysosomes, Fig. 13-31. B. Heterogeneity of structure, Fig. 13-32 C. Plant and Fungal vacuoles D. Routes to the lysosome, Fig. 13-35 ...
... III. Transport to the Lysosomes A. Role of the Lysosomes, Fig. 13-31. B. Heterogeneity of structure, Fig. 13-32 C. Plant and Fungal vacuoles D. Routes to the lysosome, Fig. 13-35 ...
The Role of Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase in Plant Mitochondria
... organisms from bacteria to human. It was discovered that the genes nm23 and awd, which encode NDPKs are involved in tumour metastasis and Drosophila development, respectively. Thus, NDPK isoforms have been suggested to have specific regulatory functions in addition to their catalytic activity. Plant ...
... organisms from bacteria to human. It was discovered that the genes nm23 and awd, which encode NDPKs are involved in tumour metastasis and Drosophila development, respectively. Thus, NDPK isoforms have been suggested to have specific regulatory functions in addition to their catalytic activity. Plant ...
The dynamics of plant plasma membrane proteins
... Plasma membrane proteins are not static but exhibit remarkable mobility (Fig. 1). This involves lateral diffusion within the plasma membrane, which has been implicated as an important determinant for controlling protein-protein interactions and is suggested to influence rates of intracellular sortin ...
... Plasma membrane proteins are not static but exhibit remarkable mobility (Fig. 1). This involves lateral diffusion within the plasma membrane, which has been implicated as an important determinant for controlling protein-protein interactions and is suggested to influence rates of intracellular sortin ...
The Glial Cell–Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling Pathway
... a GFR subunit and c-ret has been shown to broaden the ligand-binding ability of the complex (Sanicola et al., 1997). For example, some mutants of GDNF are defective in binding to GFR1 and are able to bind and activate signaling in cells that express both GFR1 and cret (Eketjall et al., 1999). Whe ...
... a GFR subunit and c-ret has been shown to broaden the ligand-binding ability of the complex (Sanicola et al., 1997). For example, some mutants of GDNF are defective in binding to GFR1 and are able to bind and activate signaling in cells that express both GFR1 and cret (Eketjall et al., 1999). Whe ...
Selective kinase inhibitors as tools for neuroscience research
... Given the number of kinases within the human genome and the rapid increase in the number of kinase inhibitors available, it is not possible to list all the available compounds. The remainder of this article, therefore, will concentrate on some of the small molecule inhibitors reported for several of ...
... Given the number of kinases within the human genome and the rapid increase in the number of kinase inhibitors available, it is not possible to list all the available compounds. The remainder of this article, therefore, will concentrate on some of the small molecule inhibitors reported for several of ...
Gq-dependent signalling by the lysophosphatidic acid receptor
... and Rho kinase (Rho-associated kinase) activities: stimulation of all three enzymes was inhibited by expression of the Gαq , but not the Gαi , minigene. Initial contraction and MLC20 (20 kDa regulatory light chain of myosin II) phosphorylation induced by LPA were abolished by inhibitors of PLC (phos ...
... and Rho kinase (Rho-associated kinase) activities: stimulation of all three enzymes was inhibited by expression of the Gαq , but not the Gαi , minigene. Initial contraction and MLC20 (20 kDa regulatory light chain of myosin II) phosphorylation induced by LPA were abolished by inhibitors of PLC (phos ...
Systematic Mutagenesis of the Yeast Mating Pheromone Receptor Third Intracellular Loop.
... The observation that amino acid substitutions in the third intracellular loop of the Ste2 receptor can affect activation of the yeast mating response implicates the loop in this signal transduction pathway. The types of mutations that compromise the function of the receptor may provide clues to the ...
... The observation that amino acid substitutions in the third intracellular loop of the Ste2 receptor can affect activation of the yeast mating response implicates the loop in this signal transduction pathway. The types of mutations that compromise the function of the receptor may provide clues to the ...
Thyroid Hormones
... mimic the stimulator actions of TSH. 6. The thyroid gland enlarges and forms a diffuse toxic goiter with synthesizes thyroid hormones at an accelerated rate v. This most commonly (70-80% of US cases) results from a generalized over activity of the entire thyroid gland, a condition also know as diffu ...
... mimic the stimulator actions of TSH. 6. The thyroid gland enlarges and forms a diffuse toxic goiter with synthesizes thyroid hormones at an accelerated rate v. This most commonly (70-80% of US cases) results from a generalized over activity of the entire thyroid gland, a condition also know as diffu ...
Protein Quality Control along the Route to the Plant Vacuole
... conditions or under conditions that inhibit vesicular trafficking. Protoplasts were prepared from leaves of transgenic plants expressing A363 or T343F and were subjected to 2 hr of pulse labeling in the presence of 35S-labeled amino acids and to 4 or 9 hr of chase. Protoplasts were homogenized at th ...
... conditions or under conditions that inhibit vesicular trafficking. Protoplasts were prepared from leaves of transgenic plants expressing A363 or T343F and were subjected to 2 hr of pulse labeling in the presence of 35S-labeled amino acids and to 4 or 9 hr of chase. Protoplasts were homogenized at th ...
With-the-great-explosion-of-use-of
... contain at least one region that is susceptible to amphiphilic induction of secondary structure15. The regular secondary structure components of proteins such as ?-helices, �-sheets, and �-turns are stabilized both by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction of side chains16-17. Highly specific ...
... contain at least one region that is susceptible to amphiphilic induction of secondary structure15. The regular secondary structure components of proteins such as ?-helices, �-sheets, and �-turns are stabilized both by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction of side chains16-17. Highly specific ...
148 - Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research
... Protein kinases play a predominant regulatory role in nearly every aspect of cell biology and they can modify the function of a protein in almost every conceivable way. Protein phosphorylation can increase or decrease enzyme activity and it can alter other biological activities such as transcription ...
... Protein kinases play a predominant regulatory role in nearly every aspect of cell biology and they can modify the function of a protein in almost every conceivable way. Protein phosphorylation can increase or decrease enzyme activity and it can alter other biological activities such as transcription ...
Identification of Hedgehog Pathway Components by RNAi in
... Classical genetic screens can be limited by the selectivity of mutational targeting, the complexities of anatomically based phenotypic analysis, or difficulties in subsequent gene identification. Focusing on signaling response to the secreted morphogen Hedgehog (Hh), we used RNA interference (RNAi) an ...
... Classical genetic screens can be limited by the selectivity of mutational targeting, the complexities of anatomically based phenotypic analysis, or difficulties in subsequent gene identification. Focusing on signaling response to the secreted morphogen Hedgehog (Hh), we used RNA interference (RNAi) an ...
Full-Text PDF
... phospholipid bilayer. Individually, such noncovalent bonds are weak, but the frequency at which the methyl groups and ester carbonyl oxygens repeat along the cPHB backbone allows each polymer molecule to have multiple interactions. The number and strength of these bonds would be determined by the pr ...
... phospholipid bilayer. Individually, such noncovalent bonds are weak, but the frequency at which the methyl groups and ester carbonyl oxygens repeat along the cPHB backbone allows each polymer molecule to have multiple interactions. The number and strength of these bonds would be determined by the pr ...
STRUCTURE AND ALLERGENICITY OF WHEAT GLUTEN PROTEINS
... A different structural model exists for the highest molecular weight gliadins. Omega-gliadins contain short, distinct C and N terminal sequences, separated by a region of repeatable sequences similar to γ gliadins. The sequence differs from that of γ gliadins, however, in having additional glutamine ...
... A different structural model exists for the highest molecular weight gliadins. Omega-gliadins contain short, distinct C and N terminal sequences, separated by a region of repeatable sequences similar to γ gliadins. The sequence differs from that of γ gliadins, however, in having additional glutamine ...
Serine/Threonine Phosphatases
... phosphatase. In contrast to PPP, members of the PPM family do not have regulatory subunits but contain instead additional domains and conserved sequence motifs that may help determine substrate specificity. For both PPP and PPM, metal ions play a catalytic and central role through the activation of ...
... phosphatase. In contrast to PPP, members of the PPM family do not have regulatory subunits but contain instead additional domains and conserved sequence motifs that may help determine substrate specificity. For both PPP and PPM, metal ions play a catalytic and central role through the activation of ...
Combining docking and molecular dynamic simulations in drug design
... The three dimensional (3-D) structure of both ligand and protein are necessary for the application of docking techniques. While the manifold of conformational structures of small molecules may be relatively easy to predict, the lowest energy conformation obtained may not correspond to that of the bo ...
... The three dimensional (3-D) structure of both ligand and protein are necessary for the application of docking techniques. While the manifold of conformational structures of small molecules may be relatively easy to predict, the lowest energy conformation obtained may not correspond to that of the bo ...
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... A two-component system bacteria common / well-characterized key mechanism protein phosphorylation ...
... A two-component system bacteria common / well-characterized key mechanism protein phosphorylation ...
The Generic Nature of Protein Folding and Misfolding
... folding process (Matouschek et al., 1989; Fersht, 1999, 2000; Vendruscolo et al., 2001). The results of a wide range of studies suggest that the fundamental mechanism of folding can be described as “nucleation-condensation,” in which a folding nucleus of a small number of residues forms, about which ...
... folding process (Matouschek et al., 1989; Fersht, 1999, 2000; Vendruscolo et al., 2001). The results of a wide range of studies suggest that the fundamental mechanism of folding can be described as “nucleation-condensation,” in which a folding nucleus of a small number of residues forms, about which ...
Identification of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
... 4P2) and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns3,4,5P3; reviewed by Katso et al., 2001; Rameh and Cantley, 1999). Downstream targets containing specialized domains, such as pleckstrin-homology (PH) domains, that specifically bind to these lipid products of PI3K are then activated. These ac ...
... 4P2) and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns3,4,5P3; reviewed by Katso et al., 2001; Rameh and Cantley, 1999). Downstream targets containing specialized domains, such as pleckstrin-homology (PH) domains, that specifically bind to these lipid products of PI3K are then activated. These ac ...
Studies of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and
... reproduce. Viruses consist of either a single-stranded or a double-stranded DNA or RNA genome in addition to a protective protein coat. Viruses exist in the air, soil and water and infect all cellular life. As protection against the dozens of viruses that attack, vertebrates have two major ways to d ...
... reproduce. Viruses consist of either a single-stranded or a double-stranded DNA or RNA genome in addition to a protective protein coat. Viruses exist in the air, soil and water and infect all cellular life. As protection against the dozens of viruses that attack, vertebrates have two major ways to d ...
The rhythm of protein synthesis does not depend on oscillations of
... leucine (25 ^Ci/ml, specific activity 75 Ci/mmol). After 10 min of incubation the cells were washed several times with cold (4°C) medium containing an excess of unlabeled leucine and treated with cold 5% perchloric acid for 90 min. Then the monolayer was washed with ethyl alcohol and the proteins we ...
... leucine (25 ^Ci/ml, specific activity 75 Ci/mmol). After 10 min of incubation the cells were washed several times with cold (4°C) medium containing an excess of unlabeled leucine and treated with cold 5% perchloric acid for 90 min. Then the monolayer was washed with ethyl alcohol and the proteins we ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).