Protein phosphorylation in chloroplasts – a survey of
... integrated in Spectrum Mill (Agilent) to identify the exact site of phosphorylation, 128 phosphopeptides allowed unambiguous identification of the phosphorylation site while 98 peptides remained ambiguous (see supplemental table 1 in Facette et al., 2013). Of the localized sites, 99 (72%) were phosp ...
... integrated in Spectrum Mill (Agilent) to identify the exact site of phosphorylation, 128 phosphopeptides allowed unambiguous identification of the phosphorylation site while 98 peptides remained ambiguous (see supplemental table 1 in Facette et al., 2013). Of the localized sites, 99 (72%) were phosp ...
STRUCTURAL INSIGHTS INTO NOVEL MICROBIAL METALLOENZYMES
... characterization of three novel microbial metalloenzymes are presented; two Escherichia coli hypothetical proteins of previously unknown function, E. coli cupin sugar isomerase (EcSI) and a 2OG oxygenase, YcfD, and the novel microbial carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond cleavage enzyme, PhnZ, are presented ...
... characterization of three novel microbial metalloenzymes are presented; two Escherichia coli hypothetical proteins of previously unknown function, E. coli cupin sugar isomerase (EcSI) and a 2OG oxygenase, YcfD, and the novel microbial carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond cleavage enzyme, PhnZ, are presented ...
Co-translational Folding
... Theoretical approach – Final Fold Bioinformatics (Protein Structure Prediction) – prediction of native structure from amino-acid sequences alone ...
... Theoretical approach – Final Fold Bioinformatics (Protein Structure Prediction) – prediction of native structure from amino-acid sequences alone ...
Package `PPInfer`
... proteins in the background. Proteins with zero similarity with the target class or presence data are extracted. Then they are potentially defined as the other class by pseudo-absence selection methods from spatial statistics. For balanced data, it is assumed that two classes contain the same number ...
... proteins in the background. Proteins with zero similarity with the target class or presence data are extracted. Then they are potentially defined as the other class by pseudo-absence selection methods from spatial statistics. For balanced data, it is assumed that two classes contain the same number ...
Limits of adaptation to high dietary protein intakes
... might be satis®ed: intake of preformed amino acids from the diet mainly in the form of protein, amino acids derived from protein degradation within the body and the endogenous formation of amino acids as a consequence of the individual's metabolic activity. It is now necessary to add a fourth route ...
... might be satis®ed: intake of preformed amino acids from the diet mainly in the form of protein, amino acids derived from protein degradation within the body and the endogenous formation of amino acids as a consequence of the individual's metabolic activity. It is now necessary to add a fourth route ...
Partial Purification and Characterization of the Maize Mitochondrial
... peaked at a higher point in the glycerol gradient (Fig. 1B). Monoclonal antibodies to maize E1a recognized the 43-kD band in immunoblots (Fig. 2B). However, this single 43-kD band presented six isoelectric forms on immunoblots after two-dimensional IEF/SDS-PAGE separation (Fig. 3B). These multiple i ...
... peaked at a higher point in the glycerol gradient (Fig. 1B). Monoclonal antibodies to maize E1a recognized the 43-kD band in immunoblots (Fig. 2B). However, this single 43-kD band presented six isoelectric forms on immunoblots after two-dimensional IEF/SDS-PAGE separation (Fig. 3B). These multiple i ...
The monocarboxylate transporter family
... the nM region (17, 18). We have confirmed the potent inhibition of MCT1-mediated L-lactate transport into rat erythrocytes by one of these inhibitors, AR-C155858, and determined a Ki of about 2 nM (19). This very high-affinity enabled us to determine the number of molecules of MCT1 per erythrocyte (80 ...
... the nM region (17, 18). We have confirmed the potent inhibition of MCT1-mediated L-lactate transport into rat erythrocytes by one of these inhibitors, AR-C155858, and determined a Ki of about 2 nM (19). This very high-affinity enabled us to determine the number of molecules of MCT1 per erythrocyte (80 ...
Theranostics Evolution- and Structure
... SNPs (nsSNPs) and the diseases associated with them. Although most variations in protein sequence are predicted to have little or no effect on protein function, some nsSNPs are known to be associated with disease. These disease-associated nsSNPs have diverse effects on protein properties and may aff ...
... SNPs (nsSNPs) and the diseases associated with them. Although most variations in protein sequence are predicted to have little or no effect on protein function, some nsSNPs are known to be associated with disease. These disease-associated nsSNPs have diverse effects on protein properties and may aff ...
Field Guide to Protein Folds
... The cold shock domain (CSD) is a small (approximately 70 residues) ancient nucleic acid-binding domain found in all kingdoms of life. Its structure consists of a nearly closed anti-parallel β barrel formed of a three-stranded β sheet crossing at 90° over a β ladder. The first strands of the sheet an ...
... The cold shock domain (CSD) is a small (approximately 70 residues) ancient nucleic acid-binding domain found in all kingdoms of life. Its structure consists of a nearly closed anti-parallel β barrel formed of a three-stranded β sheet crossing at 90° over a β ladder. The first strands of the sheet an ...
CD95 ligation and intracellular membrane flow
... membrane (for a review, see [9]). Furthermore, ceramide can artificially alter membrane traffic and the lipid composition of diverse organelles [10]. On the other hand, CD95 engagement was reported to induce a rapid apoptotic cell volume decrease, which in part involves opening of ion channels in th ...
... membrane (for a review, see [9]). Furthermore, ceramide can artificially alter membrane traffic and the lipid composition of diverse organelles [10]. On the other hand, CD95 engagement was reported to induce a rapid apoptotic cell volume decrease, which in part involves opening of ion channels in th ...
Protein dynamics and proteolysis in plant vacuoles
... passage. In yeast, receptors and other components of the vesicular protein traffic machinery undergo a retrograde transport from the vacuole to the MVB and TGN (Bryant et al., 1998; Bowers and Stevens, 2005). The docking of transfer vesicles at the membrane boundary of LV in Arabidopsis leaves is re ...
... passage. In yeast, receptors and other components of the vesicular protein traffic machinery undergo a retrograde transport from the vacuole to the MVB and TGN (Bryant et al., 1998; Bowers and Stevens, 2005). The docking of transfer vesicles at the membrane boundary of LV in Arabidopsis leaves is re ...
Mutations in a Signal Sequence for the Thylakoid Membrane Identify
... Poynton, 1980), but the insertion mechanism has not been described. It is apparent, therefore, that many distinct mechanisms for protein insertion and translocation exist, and different mechanisms often exist within one organism or organelle. The outer and inner envelope of the chloroplast surrounds ...
... Poynton, 1980), but the insertion mechanism has not been described. It is apparent, therefore, that many distinct mechanisms for protein insertion and translocation exist, and different mechanisms often exist within one organism or organelle. The outer and inner envelope of the chloroplast surrounds ...
Immunoprecipitation protocol
... the serum Ig is being removed effectively. If serum has not been sufficiently removed, bands will be present at 50 and 25 kDa for heavy and light chains; its presence may contribute to a weak immunoprecipitation. Consider either decreasing the amount of serum or increasing the amount of beads incuba ...
... the serum Ig is being removed effectively. If serum has not been sufficiently removed, bands will be present at 50 and 25 kDa for heavy and light chains; its presence may contribute to a weak immunoprecipitation. Consider either decreasing the amount of serum or increasing the amount of beads incuba ...
UNDERSTANDING PKU What is PKU? Phenylketonuria, or PKU
... Are people with PKU allergic to protein? No, people with PKU are not allergic to protein. Remember that there are 20 building blocks of protein. We need to get all 20 to keep our bodies working right. People with PKU still need protein, but can only tolerate small amounts of one of protein’s buildi ...
... Are people with PKU allergic to protein? No, people with PKU are not allergic to protein. Remember that there are 20 building blocks of protein. We need to get all 20 to keep our bodies working right. People with PKU still need protein, but can only tolerate small amounts of one of protein’s buildi ...
Gene Section AGER (advanced glycosylation end product specific receptor) -
... peptides, S100B, S100A1, S100A2 and S100A5 bind to the V domain, S100A12 binds to V-C1 domains, and S100A6 interacts with V-C2 domain. Studies on S100 protein-RAGE interactions also suggest that multimerization of ligand and receptor occurs and that formation of these higher ordered complexes may be ...
... peptides, S100B, S100A1, S100A2 and S100A5 bind to the V domain, S100A12 binds to V-C1 domains, and S100A6 interacts with V-C2 domain. Studies on S100 protein-RAGE interactions also suggest that multimerization of ligand and receptor occurs and that formation of these higher ordered complexes may be ...
Iron-sulfur proteins and the role of iron in the gene expression of
... character of ligands and the adjacent protein domains; thus, iron sites can encompass almost the entire biologically significant range of redox potentials. However, these properties also make iron potentially toxic; therefore, it must be constantly chaperoned. To achieve iron homeostasis, specialise ...
... character of ligands and the adjacent protein domains; thus, iron sites can encompass almost the entire biologically significant range of redox potentials. However, these properties also make iron potentially toxic; therefore, it must be constantly chaperoned. To achieve iron homeostasis, specialise ...
Orphan nuclear receptors: therapeutic opportunities in skeletal muscle
... actions of these factors are well documented; however, there is accumulating evidence that these cytokines exert their effect in other parts of the body. IL-15 is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, is induced by acute exercise, and has anabolic effects on skeletal muscle protein dynamics (141) ...
... actions of these factors are well documented; however, there is accumulating evidence that these cytokines exert their effect in other parts of the body. IL-15 is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, is induced by acute exercise, and has anabolic effects on skeletal muscle protein dynamics (141) ...
Protein phosphatases and the regulation of mitosis
... subunit (R) drawn from a pool of over 150 potential partners. PP2A has a trimeric structure, with one each of the two possible catalytic and A-subunit variants, and a B, B⬘, B⬙ or B subunit. Multiple isoforms of the four B, B⬘, B⬙ and B subunits exist. PP4 has a single catalytic and regulatory sub ...
... subunit (R) drawn from a pool of over 150 potential partners. PP2A has a trimeric structure, with one each of the two possible catalytic and A-subunit variants, and a B, B⬘, B⬙ or B subunit. Multiple isoforms of the four B, B⬘, B⬙ and B subunits exist. PP4 has a single catalytic and regulatory sub ...
Gluconeogenesis Glycogen metabolism
... The products are then maltose, maltotriose and a mixture of small branched fragments (with 5 - 9 glucose residues) called α-dextrins. Those products are hydrolysed to free glucose by the action of both maltase and saccharase-isomaltase, bound in the plasma membrane of mucosal cells of the duodenum a ...
... The products are then maltose, maltotriose and a mixture of small branched fragments (with 5 - 9 glucose residues) called α-dextrins. Those products are hydrolysed to free glucose by the action of both maltase and saccharase-isomaltase, bound in the plasma membrane of mucosal cells of the duodenum a ...
Structure of the enzyme-acyl carrier protein (ACP) substrate
... had shown that pimelate, a C7 α,ω-dicarboxylic acid, is made by head-to-tail incorporation of three intact acetate units with one of the carboxyl groups being derived from CO2 (1, 2). The differing origins of the carboxyl groups indicated that free pimelate was not a synthetic intermediate. The acet ...
... had shown that pimelate, a C7 α,ω-dicarboxylic acid, is made by head-to-tail incorporation of three intact acetate units with one of the carboxyl groups being derived from CO2 (1, 2). The differing origins of the carboxyl groups indicated that free pimelate was not a synthetic intermediate. The acet ...
Small-molecule binding sites to explore new targets in the cancer
... The transcription factor HNF4A forms a homodimer complex to interact with DNA to control the expression of other genes. In the monomer structure, two binding sites were detected on the protein surface (Fig. S5D). One of these two sites is bound to a saturated fatty acid in multiple superimposed crys ...
... The transcription factor HNF4A forms a homodimer complex to interact with DNA to control the expression of other genes. In the monomer structure, two binding sites were detected on the protein surface (Fig. S5D). One of these two sites is bound to a saturated fatty acid in multiple superimposed crys ...
Not Every Disulfide Lasts Forever: Disulfide Bond
... accumulation of oxidized and active OxyR in the overall reducing cytoplasmic milieu in response to low concentrations of H 2O2. This slow rate of OxyR reduction is probably due to a stabilizing structural microenvironment that is formed upon formation of the disulfide bond (7). It allows OxyR’s acti ...
... accumulation of oxidized and active OxyR in the overall reducing cytoplasmic milieu in response to low concentrations of H 2O2. This slow rate of OxyR reduction is probably due to a stabilizing structural microenvironment that is formed upon formation of the disulfide bond (7). It allows OxyR’s acti ...
Structure-Function Relationships of Stem Cell Factor
... cytokines as diverse as growth hormone, GM-CSF, and interleukin (IL)-4, our resultssuggest that cytokinesof multiple classes share a common functional organization. 0 1996 by The American Society of Hematology. ...
... cytokines as diverse as growth hormone, GM-CSF, and interleukin (IL)-4, our resultssuggest that cytokinesof multiple classes share a common functional organization. 0 1996 by The American Society of Hematology. ...
Full-Text PDF
... protein superfamilies was recently published [1]. This review will not duplicate the scope of that review, but rather will focus on the advances that have been made regarding our understanding of the LmbE-like superfamily of metallohydrolases, a more recently discovered superfamily with a number of ...
... protein superfamilies was recently published [1]. This review will not duplicate the scope of that review, but rather will focus on the advances that have been made regarding our understanding of the LmbE-like superfamily of metallohydrolases, a more recently discovered superfamily with a number of ...
Print - Circulation Research
... effects on lysosomal function might be slow to develop, we chose to use an in vitro model which can function stably for many hours to days, i.e., the fetal mouse heart in organ culture.2 A second problem in approaching this question is to choose appropriate agents to interfere selectively with lysos ...
... effects on lysosomal function might be slow to develop, we chose to use an in vitro model which can function stably for many hours to days, i.e., the fetal mouse heart in organ culture.2 A second problem in approaching this question is to choose appropriate agents to interfere selectively with lysos ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).