Incorporation of non-natural amino acids into proteins Takahiro
... Aminoacylation of tRNAs with non-natural amino acids Because the chemical aminoacylation (Figure 3a) cannot be made in living cells, the non-natural mutagenesis had been carried out only in cell-free translation systems or in Xenopus oocytes through microinjection of the aa-tRNA. Exceptionally, amin ...
... Aminoacylation of tRNAs with non-natural amino acids Because the chemical aminoacylation (Figure 3a) cannot be made in living cells, the non-natural mutagenesis had been carried out only in cell-free translation systems or in Xenopus oocytes through microinjection of the aa-tRNA. Exceptionally, amin ...
Interaction between G proteins and accessory в subunits in
... regulate their biophysical properties and have also been suggested to antagonise the G protein inhibition of N-type (á1B), PÏQ-type (á1A) and á1E channels. Here we have examined the voltage-dependent involvement of the four neuronal isoforms (â1b, â2a, â3 and â4) in the process of G protein modulati ...
... regulate their biophysical properties and have also been suggested to antagonise the G protein inhibition of N-type (á1B), PÏQ-type (á1A) and á1E channels. Here we have examined the voltage-dependent involvement of the four neuronal isoforms (â1b, â2a, â3 and â4) in the process of G protein modulati ...
Ontogenetic Changes in the Rates of Protein Synthesis and
... steady state SA,, specific activity of arterial free plasma leucine at time t SAP,, specific activity of leucine in fetal proteins v, umbilical venous blood Vo,, fetal oxygen uptake IV, intravenous PCS, phase combining system GA, gestational age ...
... steady state SA,, specific activity of arterial free plasma leucine at time t SAP,, specific activity of leucine in fetal proteins v, umbilical venous blood Vo,, fetal oxygen uptake IV, intravenous PCS, phase combining system GA, gestational age ...
Calcium binding to chromaffin vesicle matrix proteins
... pH 8, 30 pM. ATP (B) binds 800 nmol of Ca"+lpmol, and the dissociation constant calculated from the experimental values obtained at pH 6 (70 pM) decreases by a factor of 5 to 15 p M at pH 7. Thus, the change in the pH from 7 to 6 results in a decrease in the affinity for CaZ+for both components, but ...
... pH 8, 30 pM. ATP (B) binds 800 nmol of Ca"+lpmol, and the dissociation constant calculated from the experimental values obtained at pH 6 (70 pM) decreases by a factor of 5 to 15 p M at pH 7. Thus, the change in the pH from 7 to 6 results in a decrease in the affinity for CaZ+for both components, but ...
GFP is the way to glow: bioimaging of the plant endomembrane
... micrograph of tobacco epidermal leaf cells stably expressing LBR-GFP5. Nuclear envelopes are highlighted by the fusion protein (green image, arrowheads); nuclear contents are labelled with ethidium bromide (merged image, arrows). (c) CLS micrograph of BY-2 cells stably expressing LBR-GFP5 (green ima ...
... micrograph of tobacco epidermal leaf cells stably expressing LBR-GFP5. Nuclear envelopes are highlighted by the fusion protein (green image, arrowheads); nuclear contents are labelled with ethidium bromide (merged image, arrows). (c) CLS micrograph of BY-2 cells stably expressing LBR-GFP5 (green ima ...
A cellular backline: specialization of host membranes for defence
... Callose synthesis as a membraneanchored response The deposition of callose in the apoplast is triggered in a number of different contexts during plant–pathogen interactions. Callose is a β-1,3-glucan and has been hypothesized to fortify cell walls and tissues against an invading pathogen. Callose sy ...
... Callose synthesis as a membraneanchored response The deposition of callose in the apoplast is triggered in a number of different contexts during plant–pathogen interactions. Callose is a β-1,3-glucan and has been hypothesized to fortify cell walls and tissues against an invading pathogen. Callose sy ...
Defensin-like antifungal proteins secreted by filamentous fungi
... The transcription of afp is under control of different transcription factors. It is hypothesised that a calcineurin signalling pathway, the phosphate starvation, and an asexual developmental regulation mechanism play a central role in transcription of afp. Five putative Crz1p (stress response elemen ...
... The transcription of afp is under control of different transcription factors. It is hypothesised that a calcineurin signalling pathway, the phosphate starvation, and an asexual developmental regulation mechanism play a central role in transcription of afp. Five putative Crz1p (stress response elemen ...
Initiation, elongation, and termination strategies in polyketide and
... NRPS enzymes. Every carrier protein domain (ArCP, PCP, ACP: aryl, peptidyl and acyl carrier proteins, respectively) must be converted from an inactive apo form to an active holo form by covalent attachment of a Coenzyme-A-derived phosphopantetheine (P-pant) group to a specific serine sidechain found ...
... NRPS enzymes. Every carrier protein domain (ArCP, PCP, ACP: aryl, peptidyl and acyl carrier proteins, respectively) must be converted from an inactive apo form to an active holo form by covalent attachment of a Coenzyme-A-derived phosphopantetheine (P-pant) group to a specific serine sidechain found ...
Read about actions of formaldehyde on antigens
... For successful immunostaining of an antigen in a section of a tissue there must be: 1. Retention of the antigen at the sites it occupied in the living organism. This is favoured by formaldehyde fixation, which, by way of methylene bridges, can bind protein antigens to other protein molecules and tra ...
... For successful immunostaining of an antigen in a section of a tissue there must be: 1. Retention of the antigen at the sites it occupied in the living organism. This is favoured by formaldehyde fixation, which, by way of methylene bridges, can bind protein antigens to other protein molecules and tra ...
Plasma membrane repair in plants
... SYT1, the first plant synaptotagmin characterised to date, belongs to a five-member family in Arabidopsis. The first evidence of its role in abiotic stress responses came after its identification as a cold-responsive plasma membrane protein [28]. It is known that freezing causes irreversible damage ...
... SYT1, the first plant synaptotagmin characterised to date, belongs to a five-member family in Arabidopsis. The first evidence of its role in abiotic stress responses came after its identification as a cold-responsive plasma membrane protein [28]. It is known that freezing causes irreversible damage ...
The HSP90-SGT1 Chaperone Complex for NLR
... tor APAF-1, R protein, and the nematode CED-4). This module is often referred to as the NB-ARC unit (Figure 1). The corresponding unit in vertebrate NLR proteins is called NACHT (domain present in NAIP, CIITA, HET-E, and TP1) (56). The NB-ARC and NACHT domains have ATPase activity and are thought to ...
... tor APAF-1, R protein, and the nematode CED-4). This module is often referred to as the NB-ARC unit (Figure 1). The corresponding unit in vertebrate NLR proteins is called NACHT (domain present in NAIP, CIITA, HET-E, and TP1) (56). The NB-ARC and NACHT domains have ATPase activity and are thought to ...
EGF receptor signaling pathway Drosophila activation
... Kurada and White 1998; Halfar et al. 2001; Yang and Baker 2003). Ligand binding to the EGFR and other RTKs induces their dimerization and autophosphorylation (Schlessinger 2002). The pathway downstream has been elucidated by both genetic and biochemical analysis (for review, see Nishida and Gotoh 19 ...
... Kurada and White 1998; Halfar et al. 2001; Yang and Baker 2003). Ligand binding to the EGFR and other RTKs induces their dimerization and autophosphorylation (Schlessinger 2002). The pathway downstream has been elucidated by both genetic and biochemical analysis (for review, see Nishida and Gotoh 19 ...
The Amino Acid Sequences of the Myelin
... L-MAG also contains five segments of internal homology that resemble immunoglobulin domains, and are strikingly homologous to similar domains of the neural cell adhesion molecule and other members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. In addition, the two MAG proteins differ in the extent of their ...
... L-MAG also contains five segments of internal homology that resemble immunoglobulin domains, and are strikingly homologous to similar domains of the neural cell adhesion molecule and other members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. In addition, the two MAG proteins differ in the extent of their ...
Protein expression by a Beijing strain differs from that of another
... Quantification of ICD in culture supernatants showed no significant difference in the extent of autolysis in the three strains (data not shown). The protein expression profiles were highly similar between the strains, enabling visual comparison. Spot differences consistent between quadruplicate gels ...
... Quantification of ICD in culture supernatants showed no significant difference in the extent of autolysis in the three strains (data not shown). The protein expression profiles were highly similar between the strains, enabling visual comparison. Spot differences consistent between quadruplicate gels ...
Determination of Protein Concentrations Using AAA
... AAA-Direct is a highly sensitive and direct detection type of AAA that does not require sample derivatization. AAA-Direct uses integrated pulsed amperometry (IPAD), a type of electrochemical detection, to directly detect amino acids. AAA-Direct also provides complete separation of all common amino ...
... AAA-Direct is a highly sensitive and direct detection type of AAA that does not require sample derivatization. AAA-Direct uses integrated pulsed amperometry (IPAD), a type of electrochemical detection, to directly detect amino acids. AAA-Direct also provides complete separation of all common amino ...
Structure of the FHA1 Domain of Yeast Rad53 and Identification of
... packing of the C-terminal helix against the top b-sheet does not occur in FHA1. In FHA1, a helix immediately follows b10. Comparison between the structures of FHA1 and FHA2 also allows us to de®ne further the ``minimal structural unit'' of an FHA domain. By eliminating the N-terminal and C-terminal ...
... packing of the C-terminal helix against the top b-sheet does not occur in FHA1. In FHA1, a helix immediately follows b10. Comparison between the structures of FHA1 and FHA2 also allows us to de®ne further the ``minimal structural unit'' of an FHA domain. By eliminating the N-terminal and C-terminal ...
The retinal pigment epithelium: a versatile partner in vision
... retinoid isom erase (Barry et al., 1989), a m em brane-bound enzym e that converts the ester to 1 l-c« -retin o l (Bernstein et al., 1987). This retinoid isom er is bound by yet another intracellular binding protein nam ed cellular retinal binding protein (CRA LBP, Futterm an et al., 1977). It prese ...
... retinoid isom erase (Barry et al., 1989), a m em brane-bound enzym e that converts the ester to 1 l-c« -retin o l (Bernstein et al., 1987). This retinoid isom er is bound by yet another intracellular binding protein nam ed cellular retinal binding protein (CRA LBP, Futterm an et al., 1977). It prese ...
Bound by Fate: The Role of Reactive Oxygen
... can induce the formation of multimeric complexes involving activated receptors, coreceptors, and intracellular kinases (Couto and Zipfel, 2016). This process further triggers the phosphorylation of a wide range of different substrates, such as RBOHs, which orchestrate cellular responses. The product ...
... can induce the formation of multimeric complexes involving activated receptors, coreceptors, and intracellular kinases (Couto and Zipfel, 2016). This process further triggers the phosphorylation of a wide range of different substrates, such as RBOHs, which orchestrate cellular responses. The product ...
Proteomics insights: proteins related to larval attachment and
... to as “spontaneous metamorphosis.” Although past studies have contributed to our understanding of the basic underpinnings of the morphological, ecological and behavioral patterns of larval settlement, the molecular mechanisms that regulate larval attachment and metamorphosis are poorly understood. I ...
... to as “spontaneous metamorphosis.” Although past studies have contributed to our understanding of the basic underpinnings of the morphological, ecological and behavioral patterns of larval settlement, the molecular mechanisms that regulate larval attachment and metamorphosis are poorly understood. I ...
Protein-protein interactions: mechanisms and
... the electrostatic interaction can define the lifetime of complexes (Archakov and Ivanov, 1999). (d) Hydrogen bonding. The average number of hydrogen bonds is proportional to the area of subunit interfaces: one bond for each 100–200 Å2 (Jones and Thornton, 1996) or about 10 bonds per interface (Lo C ...
... the electrostatic interaction can define the lifetime of complexes (Archakov and Ivanov, 1999). (d) Hydrogen bonding. The average number of hydrogen bonds is proportional to the area of subunit interfaces: one bond for each 100–200 Å2 (Jones and Thornton, 1996) or about 10 bonds per interface (Lo C ...
“The function and synthesis of ribosomes.” Nature Reviews Mol Cell
... of translation, and a key function of the small subunit is to discriminate against aminoacyl-tRNAs that do not match the codon on the message48. This crucial step in the decoding process was poorly understood until the demonstration that the conformation of several residues on the 16S rRNA is sensit ...
... of translation, and a key function of the small subunit is to discriminate against aminoacyl-tRNAs that do not match the codon on the message48. This crucial step in the decoding process was poorly understood until the demonstration that the conformation of several residues on the 16S rRNA is sensit ...
Ann Rev of Physiol, v 63, pp. 847-869
... function without impairing our capacity for neural change. Thus whereas synaptic competition, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, and neurotrophism encompass mechanisms that can generate precise change in synaptic structure and function (7–9), homeostasis is thought to constrain this change with ...
... function without impairing our capacity for neural change. Thus whereas synaptic competition, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, and neurotrophism encompass mechanisms that can generate precise change in synaptic structure and function (7–9), homeostasis is thought to constrain this change with ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).