The Glutamate Uptake Inhibitor L- Trans
... Sodium-dependent high-affinity uptake of glutamate is thought to play a major role in the maintenance of very low extracellular concentrations of excitatory amino acids (EAA), and may modulate the actions of released transmitter at G-protein-coupled receptors and extrasynaptic receptors that are act ...
... Sodium-dependent high-affinity uptake of glutamate is thought to play a major role in the maintenance of very low extracellular concentrations of excitatory amino acids (EAA), and may modulate the actions of released transmitter at G-protein-coupled receptors and extrasynaptic receptors that are act ...
Primary production of protein: I. Comparison of net cellular carbon
... Barlow 1982, Li & Harrison 1982, Li & Platt 1982, Priscu & Goldman 1983). However, the interpretation of results from such studies have been complicated because not enough is known about physiological and biochemical factors which may influence observed patterns of incorporation in the field and the ...
... Barlow 1982, Li & Harrison 1982, Li & Platt 1982, Priscu & Goldman 1983). However, the interpretation of results from such studies have been complicated because not enough is known about physiological and biochemical factors which may influence observed patterns of incorporation in the field and the ...
Conserved mechanisms of Ras regulation of evolutionary
... the ets gene product, Lin-1, acts after the Ras-RafMEK-MAPK cascade that mediates development of the vulva. Lin-1 is a negative regulator with multiple potential MAPK phosphorylation sites. The ets domain is most similar to the Elk/SAP1/Net subfamily of mammals, both in sequence and N-terminal posit ...
... the ets gene product, Lin-1, acts after the Ras-RafMEK-MAPK cascade that mediates development of the vulva. Lin-1 is a negative regulator with multiple potential MAPK phosphorylation sites. The ets domain is most similar to the Elk/SAP1/Net subfamily of mammals, both in sequence and N-terminal posit ...
from dicp.ac.cn
... activate the holoenzyme (17). p38 and CK2 both co-immunoprecipitate with p53 (18, 19). Anisomycin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced phosphorylation of p53 at Ser392 requires p38 MAPK kinase and CK2 activities (17). In additional, CK2 can phosphorylate IκBα at a cluster of C-terminal sites ...
... activate the holoenzyme (17). p38 and CK2 both co-immunoprecipitate with p53 (18, 19). Anisomycin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced phosphorylation of p53 at Ser392 requires p38 MAPK kinase and CK2 activities (17). In additional, CK2 can phosphorylate IκBα at a cluster of C-terminal sites ...
Signals and Structural Features Involved in Integral Membrane
... To construct the plasmid encoding a protein with the amino-terminal domain of LBR inserted between the nueleoplasmin NLS and the aminoterminal side of the transmembrane segment of CHL (NU-AT LBRCHL), a PCR product from nucleotide +4 to +612 of chicken LBR cDNA was cloned into the plasmid that encode ...
... To construct the plasmid encoding a protein with the amino-terminal domain of LBR inserted between the nueleoplasmin NLS and the aminoterminal side of the transmembrane segment of CHL (NU-AT LBRCHL), a PCR product from nucleotide +4 to +612 of chicken LBR cDNA was cloned into the plasmid that encode ...
RONN: the bio-basis function neural network technique applied to
... binding can give rise to an interaction having the biologically desirable property of combining high specificity with modest binding affinity (Schulz, 1979), thereby avoiding irreversible binding, which is neither suitable nor acceptable for most biological processes. For example, it has been found ...
... binding can give rise to an interaction having the biologically desirable property of combining high specificity with modest binding affinity (Schulz, 1979), thereby avoiding irreversible binding, which is neither suitable nor acceptable for most biological processes. For example, it has been found ...
Structural and Functional Comparisons of Retroviral Envelope
... widely in length and functionality. Env, the retroviral envelope protein, is the major viral protein present on the surface of retroviral particles. Env is translated as a polyprotein that is subsequently extensively post-translationally modified during trafficking through the biosynthetic pathway ( ...
... widely in length and functionality. Env, the retroviral envelope protein, is the major viral protein present on the surface of retroviral particles. Env is translated as a polyprotein that is subsequently extensively post-translationally modified during trafficking through the biosynthetic pathway ( ...
Systematic Characterisation of Cellular Localisation and
... in combination with the availability of functional annotations and high throughput gene expression data of human proteins. Using a large data set of proteins containing experimentally identified MHC class I or II ligands obtained from the SYFPEITHI database [16], we examined the proteins according t ...
... in combination with the availability of functional annotations and high throughput gene expression data of human proteins. Using a large data set of proteins containing experimentally identified MHC class I or II ligands obtained from the SYFPEITHI database [16], we examined the proteins according t ...
Computational protein design enables a novel one
... Table S1), so we used the BRENDA database to identify a set of five homologous ACDH enzymes (SI Appendix, Table S1) (16– 18). Genes encoding the native sequence for each enzyme were synthesized, and the proteins produced and purified as described in Materials and Methods. The proteins were assayed f ...
... Table S1), so we used the BRENDA database to identify a set of five homologous ACDH enzymes (SI Appendix, Table S1) (16– 18). Genes encoding the native sequence for each enzyme were synthesized, and the proteins produced and purified as described in Materials and Methods. The proteins were assayed f ...
1-3 flagellum - Instituto de Higiene
... another EF-hand Ca + 2-binding protein from retinal rod cells that associates with the plasma membrane, when intracellular Ca + 2 levels rise. Membrane association of recoverin leads to inhibition of rhodopsin kinase and thus serves to transmit changes in Ca + 2 levels into a biological readout [14] ...
... another EF-hand Ca + 2-binding protein from retinal rod cells that associates with the plasma membrane, when intracellular Ca + 2 levels rise. Membrane association of recoverin leads to inhibition of rhodopsin kinase and thus serves to transmit changes in Ca + 2 levels into a biological readout [14] ...
2 Applications
... detected and navigated using electric or magnetic fields. The most commonly used ionization methods to generate protein or peptide ions are matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) [5] and electrospray ionization (ESI) [6]. MALDI consists of two steps: First, the analyte is mixed with a m ...
... detected and navigated using electric or magnetic fields. The most commonly used ionization methods to generate protein or peptide ions are matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) [5] and electrospray ionization (ESI) [6]. MALDI consists of two steps: First, the analyte is mixed with a m ...
Novel Insights into Vacuole-mediated Control of Plant Growth and
... 2014; Marty, 1999). In addition, they are involved in the storage of a large variety of substances (e.g. minerals, nutrients, proteins, and secondary metabolites), which allow plant cells to maintain pH homeostasis, balance fluctuations in nutrient availability, sequester harmful compounds, and resp ...
... 2014; Marty, 1999). In addition, they are involved in the storage of a large variety of substances (e.g. minerals, nutrients, proteins, and secondary metabolites), which allow plant cells to maintain pH homeostasis, balance fluctuations in nutrient availability, sequester harmful compounds, and resp ...
Lipid Metabolism During Exercise
... plasma FFA from adipocytes (large > 50,000 kcals) intramuscular TG (2,000 -3,000 kcals) plasma TG (very small role during exercise in humans) 5.) Destabilizing effect on membranes High IMTG (obesity, type-II diabetes) linked with insulin resistance in muscle. ...
... plasma FFA from adipocytes (large > 50,000 kcals) intramuscular TG (2,000 -3,000 kcals) plasma TG (very small role during exercise in humans) 5.) Destabilizing effect on membranes High IMTG (obesity, type-II diabetes) linked with insulin resistance in muscle. ...
A new look at sodium channel b subunits
... ions compared with that of sodium ions. This occurs in the presence of a high intracellular potassium ion concentration relative to the extracellular media, and a high extracellular to intracellular sodium ion concentration generated by sodium potassium ATPase activity. Under resting conditions, bot ...
... ions compared with that of sodium ions. This occurs in the presence of a high intracellular potassium ion concentration relative to the extracellular media, and a high extracellular to intracellular sodium ion concentration generated by sodium potassium ATPase activity. Under resting conditions, bot ...
Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
... So far, three types of GnRH have been isolated in humans: GnRH type I, GnRH type II and GnRH type III. GnRH type I (10 amino acids…referred to from hereon simply as ‘GnRH’) is the classical hypothalamic reproductive neuroendocrine factor that works in the anterior pituitary. The physiological ...
... So far, three types of GnRH have been isolated in humans: GnRH type I, GnRH type II and GnRH type III. GnRH type I (10 amino acids…referred to from hereon simply as ‘GnRH’) is the classical hypothalamic reproductive neuroendocrine factor that works in the anterior pituitary. The physiological ...
COP9 signalosome turns the key on protein degradation
... CSN1 to CSN8 by decreasing molecular mass [25]. Two of these subunits, CSN5 and CSN6, contain the conserved MPN domain. The remaining six are characterized by a PCI domain (proteasome–COP9 complex–eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 [eIF3] domain). Both of these domains have primarily been fo ...
... CSN1 to CSN8 by decreasing molecular mass [25]. Two of these subunits, CSN5 and CSN6, contain the conserved MPN domain. The remaining six are characterized by a PCI domain (proteasome–COP9 complex–eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 [eIF3] domain). Both of these domains have primarily been fo ...
Phenoloxidase Specific Activity in the Red Swamp Crayfish
... 22 )C before they were used for experimentation. Only healthy intermolt animals were used. Haemolymph was extracted with a 2 ml syringe and 22 gauge needle. The syringe contained 0·4 ml of ice-cold anticoagulant bu#er (AB) consisting of 0·14 M NaCl, 0·1 M glucose, 30 mM trisodium citrate, 26 mM citr ...
... 22 )C before they were used for experimentation. Only healthy intermolt animals were used. Haemolymph was extracted with a 2 ml syringe and 22 gauge needle. The syringe contained 0·4 ml of ice-cold anticoagulant bu#er (AB) consisting of 0·14 M NaCl, 0·1 M glucose, 30 mM trisodium citrate, 26 mM citr ...
University of Groningen Cross-linking of dimeric CitS and GltS
... and includes the Ion Transporter (IT) superfamily ...
... and includes the Ion Transporter (IT) superfamily ...
Regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... shown to have both PDHK and PDP functional activities towards its PDH [12]. Bacteria do not have sequences similar to PDHKs. Mammalian PDC-E2 is composed of an outer lipoyl domain (L1), an inner lipoyl domain (L2), a subunit-binding domain (binding PDH) and an inner domain (forming the PDC core) (Fi ...
... shown to have both PDHK and PDP functional activities towards its PDH [12]. Bacteria do not have sequences similar to PDHKs. Mammalian PDC-E2 is composed of an outer lipoyl domain (L1), an inner lipoyl domain (L2), a subunit-binding domain (binding PDH) and an inner domain (forming the PDC core) (Fi ...
Lipid Metabolism During Exercise
... • Fatty Acids from adipose – transported in blood via Albumin – 3 per – brought to muscle cell at fatty acid binding receptor proteins – taken into muscle cell Triglycerides in blood (chylomicrons and VLDL) broken down by lipoprotein lipase in capillary of the muscle before being taken into cell ...
... • Fatty Acids from adipose – transported in blood via Albumin – 3 per – brought to muscle cell at fatty acid binding receptor proteins – taken into muscle cell Triglycerides in blood (chylomicrons and VLDL) broken down by lipoprotein lipase in capillary of the muscle before being taken into cell ...
Figure 7. N-terminus sequence of the predicted
... form a large β-barrel-shaped pore made of 19 β-strands and one N-terminal segment folded into αhelix that is aligned almost parallel to the plane of the membrane at mid-height of the pore. Thus, the N-terminal segment creates a constriction in the central region of the pore. The results of solid-sta ...
... form a large β-barrel-shaped pore made of 19 β-strands and one N-terminal segment folded into αhelix that is aligned almost parallel to the plane of the membrane at mid-height of the pore. Thus, the N-terminal segment creates a constriction in the central region of the pore. The results of solid-sta ...
Rab Proteins and the Organization of Organelle Membrane Domains
... For example, cargo from the extracellular environment is internalized into early endosomes where it is sorted for recycling to the plasma membrane or degradation in lysosomes. Clearly, such steps need to be coordinated in time and space. The work on Rab GTPases has revealed molecular features and fu ...
... For example, cargo from the extracellular environment is internalized into early endosomes where it is sorted for recycling to the plasma membrane or degradation in lysosomes. Clearly, such steps need to be coordinated in time and space. The work on Rab GTPases has revealed molecular features and fu ...
Cell Signaling during Cold, Drought, and Salt Stress
... Ins1Pase responsible for this early termination of the IP 3 signal in plants has not been identified. In addition, the Ins1Pases characterized in most animal cells do not hydrolyze IP3 (Inhorn et al., 1987; Majerus, 1992). In the cell types in animals where the 1-phosphatases might be the primary te ...
... Ins1Pase responsible for this early termination of the IP 3 signal in plants has not been identified. In addition, the Ins1Pases characterized in most animal cells do not hydrolyze IP3 (Inhorn et al., 1987; Majerus, 1992). In the cell types in animals where the 1-phosphatases might be the primary te ...
Bil 255 – CMB
... into 2 active monomers & a dimeric regulatory subunit (mcb3.27*) thus a hormone signals --> cAMP --> active PKA dimer without PKA we have an inactiver tetramer 2. GroEL chaperonin: is 2 multi-subunit rings (mcb3.11*) binding of ATP and GroES to GroEL reults in a tight peptide binding complex, which ...
... into 2 active monomers & a dimeric regulatory subunit (mcb3.27*) thus a hormone signals --> cAMP --> active PKA dimer without PKA we have an inactiver tetramer 2. GroEL chaperonin: is 2 multi-subunit rings (mcb3.11*) binding of ATP and GroES to GroEL reults in a tight peptide binding complex, which ...
The ribosome — a macromolecular machine par excellence
... recognition. The other, large (50S) subunit catalyzes peptide-bond formation between the polypeptide chain already made and the newly supplied amino acid, organizes the advance of the whole subcomplex formed by mRNA and the tRNAs by the length of one codon (‘translocation’) with the help of a specia ...
... recognition. The other, large (50S) subunit catalyzes peptide-bond formation between the polypeptide chain already made and the newly supplied amino acid, organizes the advance of the whole subcomplex formed by mRNA and the tRNAs by the length of one codon (‘translocation’) with the help of a specia ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).