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Elaborating on a Preexisting Concept
Elaborating on a Preexisting Concept

... 7. River valleys were created by earthquakes or movements of the earth. ...
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... Crust: A thin outer layer of rock above a planet’s mantle, including all dry land and ocean basins made of silicates. Mantle: The layer of rock between Earth’s core and crust, in which most rock is hot enough to flow in convection currents; Earth’s thickest layer. Mainly made of iron, magnesium and ...
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... Upsala (59o52’N:17o38’E), Sweden, is located 130.57o from Northridge (34o14’N:118o38’W), CA. Could we, then, have Upsala expected more reliable estimates of magnitude and related parameters Los Angeles for January 17, 1994, Northridge earthquake from Upsala Seismological Observatory than from the U. ...
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Geophysics



Geophysics /dʒiːoʊfɪzɪks/ is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term geophysics sometimes refers only to the geological applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.Although geophysics was only recognized as a separate discipline in the 19th century, its origins go back to ancient times. The first magnetic compasses were made from lodestones, while more modern magnetic compasses played an important role in the history of navigation. The first seismic instrument was built in 132 BC. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox; and instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as the components of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean, and geophysics played an essential role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics.Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources, mitigation of natural hazards and environmental protection. Geophysical survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, locate groundwater, find archaeological relics, determine the thickness of glaciers and soils, and assess sites for environmental remediation.
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